nagarjuna

school

2010-09-03T02:28:00.000-07:00

WELCOME TO UNITED TEACHERS' FEDERATION :: ANANTHAPUR DISTRICT

If the Person 07/01/1996 as SGT and on 02/02/2009 Promoted as School Assistant
He is Eligible TO 6 g(i) and then After Pay Fixation On 01/01/2010 Rs: 17050/--
If the Person 07/01/1996 as SGT and on 01/11/2002 Promoted as School Assistant
This Person is Promotion Fixation Under FR22B Increment Date Option His Pay Fixed at :Rs:16600/-
This Person is also Eligible to Stepup Pay on 01/01/2010 His Pay Fixed at Rs: 17050/-

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UTF NELLORE
PREPARED BY Advised By :
P.SREERAMULU
I.BALAKRISHNAIAH UTF FWF SECRETARY, NELLORE
SCHOOL ASSISTANT (MATHE MATICS) SA (SOCIAL)
GOVT MODEL HIGH SCHOOL, NELLORE ZPPHS, KOTHUR OF INDUKURPET
Phone No: 9492268881 Phone Nos:9491339165 / 08612341633
Email: balu.harika@gmail.com Email : sreeramulukalyani@gmail.com
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jntuanatapure result

2010-07-30T08:43:00.000-07:00

http://jntuanantapur.org/May2010/1BTR09REG/

color astrology

2010-04-07T23:37:00.000-07:00

Mondays child is fair of face,
Tuesdays child is full of grace,
Wednesdays child is full of woe,
Thursdays child has far to go,
Fridays child is loving and giving,
Saturdays child works hard for his living,
And the child that is born on the Sabbath day
Is bonny and blithe, and good and gay.
As well as being 'Fair of Face', Mondays Child also has a Star sign, a Chinese Horoscope sign , a birthstone, a color, and now a flower to complement and harmonize the color.

This will focus on color and what the colors of the Astrological Star Signs are with digital floral images from Marguerite
Aries: Mar 21 - Apr 20 Blue like flashing electric fire..or lupins in the sun
Adventurous and energetic
Pioneering and courageous
Enthusiastic and confident
Dynamic and quick-witted

On the dark side...

Selfish and quick-tempered
Impulsive and impatient
Foolhardy and daredevil

The birthstone of Aries is the Diamond with the Opal being the mystical birthstone.

Aries is like a diamond, with flashes of fire, and the Opal is fire that is moderated and under control, as Aries can be when that is the chosen path.

The colors of Aries is Blue, a blue that ranges from the dynamic spark of the flash of Diamond fire, to the subdued calming of the fire when it is under control. It is a deep and beautiful blue, rich and varied and flashing.

Aries is dynamic power and constant action, and the high Aries can lead nationsTaurus: Apr 21 _ May 21 Deep Green..the color of rich ripe grass where the Crane walks
Patient and reliable
Warmhearted and loving
Persistent and determined
Placid and security loving

On the dark side....

Jealous and possessive
Resentful and inflexible
Self-indulgent and greedy

The Birthstone is the Emerald, and also the Sapphire.

Taurus people are reputed to be strong and capable and restless and reckless like the bull, but there is also the very steady and steadfast side that can plod along and wait in queues and plan the next venture.

Their color is green, the rich green of the forest and the trees. The green of the earth that is full of life and vigor. The green that swirls and merges and is a part of the rich earth and its growth.

Taurus is happening, slow or fast, wherever there is Taurus there is a something happening...Taureans represent life in action.

Gemini: May 22 - June 21 Lilac, purple and mauve in rich softness
Adaptable and versatile
Communicative and witty
Intellectual and eloquent
Youthful and lively

On the dark side....

Nervous and tense
Superficial and inconsistent
Cunning and inquisitive

Geminis get told, far too many times about their duality and two faces, and indeed many do have two very different sides, making them fascinating friends and intriguing lovers.
Their birthstone is the Alexandrite, which ranges in color from deep purple to light beautiful mauves and even pinks. The Mystical stone is the Amythyst...the stone of love, the color or brightness and joy.
Like the stone, Geminis charm and delight, and also dull and wane.
They are the socialites of the zodiac and their color is scintillating with energy.

Cancer June 22- Jul 23 Pink and all shades of Pink
Emotional and loving
Intuitive and imaginative
Shrewd and cautious
Protective and sympathetic

On the dark side....

Changeable and moody
Overemotional and touchy
Clinging and unable to let go

The Birthstone of Cancer is the Ruby, with its pinkish red stone and the Mystical birthstone is the Pearl, which symbolises Cancer's inner soul. Rubies come in a variety of shades ranging in depths of color from pale to deep and rich, and Cancers are like the rbeautiful Ruby.

Cancers tend to hide their innermost feelings, and like the hemit crab, will scuttle away at the faintest hint of anything difficult or emotional.They really are moon people, and the moon does affect them very much, and they can get very moody at full moon times.

Then again, they are the enterprising racketeers of the zodiac, and amass considerable fortunes and business because of the acute skill in reading others and catering to them.

Leo July 24 -Aug 23 Golden Sunflowers
Generous and warmhearted
Creative and enthusiastic
Broad-minded and expansive
Faithful and loving

On the dark side....

Pompous and patronizing
Bossy and interfering
Dogmatic and intolerant

The birthstone of the Leo is the Peridot, a rich green inner stone shining with the sunlight of the outdoors.

The Leo is noted for its regality and style, and like the lion, there is a lazy indolence about Leos, which can turn into instant strength when needed. They seem to always be the leaders, and have a confidence about them that makes them respected without effort on their part, except simply being there.

Virgo Aug 24- Sept 23 Blue..smooth and cool and elegant
Modest and shy
Meticulous and reliable
Practical and diligent
Intelligent and analytical

On the dark side....

Fussy and a worrier
Overcritical and harsh
Perfectionist and conservative

The birthstone for Virgo is the sapphire and Zircon, and the mystical stone is the agate.

Virgo is one of the most capable signs of the zodiac and can do anything they wish to do because of their careful attention to what is needed. They are wonderful friends and lovers and can always be relied on when needed.

The sapphire comes in various qualities of blue, and the deep blue of the sapphire in the shade is the color of Virgo.

Blue also is the color of status and order, and also used in uniforms and where respect is needed. Indeed, Virgo is a sign that should be respected, as there are many sides and capabilities to virgos which often get overlooked

Libra Sept 24- Oct 23 Jasper and earthy orange
Diplomatic and urbane
Romantic and charming
Easygoing and sociable
Idealistic and peaceable

On the dark side....

Indecisive and changeable
Gullible and easily infuenced
Flirtatious and self-indulgent

The Birthstone of Libra is the Opal and Sapphire, and the mystical birthstone is Jasper.
The Opal is known as 'nature's fireworks' and in a way, that also symbolises Libra.
The scales balances the different sides of Libra, and keeps the scales weighed between the sanity of Virgo and the wildness of Scorpio, making this an even balance, nicely kept in place in the Opal.
The colors of Libra are fire in stone

Scorpio: Oct 24- Nov 22 Flame flowers ranging from deep oranges to deep reds...
Determined and forceful
Emotional and intuitive
Powerful and passionate
Exciting and magnetic

On the dark side....

Jealous and resentful
Compulsive and obsessive
Secretive and obstinate

The birthstone of Scorpio is the Topaz and citrine, and the Mystical birthstone is the Pearl.

The vibrance of the Topaz and its variations can be moderated by the gentleness of the lustrous pearl, and like the birthstones, the vibrance of Scorpio often gets placated and controlled into where Scorpio wants to be.

Scorpio has always been noted for its sting, and aggressiveness, but unlike other star signs, scorpio has been broken into four levels of intensity, and may be totally different people even though they share the same characteristics and share two planets.

The color red symbolizes Scorpio's drive and energy and also the changing faces and forces that make Scorpios so daunting and dangerous, and so very exciting.

Sagittarius: Nov 23 - Dec 21 Pearl Chrysanthemum..the joyous white of celebration
Optimistic and freedom-loving
Jovial and good-humored
Honest and straightforward
Intellectual and philosophical

On the dark side....

Blindly optimistic and careless
Irresponsible and superficial
Tactless and restless

The birthstone of Sagittarius is the Turquoise and Lapis Lazuli, with the Onyx being the Mystical birthstone.

The beautiful colors of the onyx and the white light of brightness, represent clearly the beautiful nature and personnae of the Sagittarius who so easily and so freely glides through life creating harmony and warming hearts.

Sagittarians are the friends of the Zodiac and will forgive and empathise and create the links so necessary for friends to be.

The pearly color of white symbolizes the Sagitarrius personality...

Capricorn: Dec 22-Jan 20 Red Rose and deep reds
Practical and prudent
Ambitious and disciplined
Patient and careful
Humorous and reserved

On the dark side....

Pessimistic and fatalistic
Miserly and grudging

The birthstone of Capricorn is the Garnet and the Mystical Birthstone is the Emerald.

Both birthstones are rich and deep in color and of greater value when the depth is there.

The Rich Maroons and browns of the garnets is the color of Capricorn.

Capricorn is the sign of the entrepreneur who with skill and hard work builds up his empire. Capricorn prepares the ground and plants the seed and watches it grow and only when the arvest is imminent do they sell the product.
They make great husbands, wives and managers, and really have everything in the right place.

The rich colors highlight their rich lives, but being human, they can give up and work at their misery when they feel defeated.

The color of the Capricorn is as rich and resplendant as the goat that climbs the mountains so sure footedly and so competently.Aquarius: Jan 21 - Feb 19 Rich Purple and the Beauty of the Pansy
Friendly and humanitarian
Honest and loyal
Original and inventive
Independent and intellectual

On the dark side....

Intractable and contrary
Perverse and unpredictable
Unemotional and detached

The Aquarian always has one eye on the future and already knows the past has gone. They are the visionaries, and many bring the dreams to the mortals.

The birthstone of Aquarius is the amythyst with its reflecting lights of purple, and the Mystical stone is bloodstone, which is a deep jasper flecked with red, again the life ahead symbolism.

Aquarians are very modern people who keep up with what is in fashion and what is the latest, and you can always get what is current from an Aquarian, because they simply have to be ahead because they are the leaders of style.

The color purple is used by Royalty and people in authority to symbolise their high rank, and Aquarians are purple for their forward views and their attention to what is aheadPisces: Feb 20- Mar 20 the green of Jade and Cactus Flowers
Imaginative and sensitive
Compassionate and kind
Selfless and unworldly
Intuitive and sympathetic

On the dark side....

Escapist and idealistic
Secretive and vague
Weak-willed and easily led

The birthstone of Pisces is the Aquamarine, and Jade. The Aquamarine symbolises the easy idealism of the Pisces, which leads them into creating many beautiful works and environments.

Their very sensitive nature, sometimes gets read as reticent, and they may miss out on experiences because of their inability to make instant decisions.

They are characterized by two fish swimming after each others tails, and this is the desire following the fear of action.

The pales greenish blues of Aquamarine, harmonize the piscean, as they sail carefully through life, ever watchful for sharks.

pgcet and pgecet 2010 notification

2010-04-07T23:07:00.000-07:00

Osmania University PGCET 2010 at www.osmania.ac.in
PGCET Notification 2010 at www.osmania.ac.in
PGCET 2010 forms at www.osmania.ac.in
PGCET 2010 Application forms at www.osmania.ac.in

Osmania University is one of the best University of Andhra Pradesh - AP. Every year Osmania University takes PGCET - POST GRADUATE DEGREE AND DIPLOMA COMMON ENTRANCE TESTS for giving admission into various courses like B.C.J., M.C.J., B.L.I.Sc., M.L.I.Sc., M.S.W., M.Ed., M.P.Ed., M.Com., M.Com.(I.S.), M.F.C, M.Sc and many more.
This year Osmania University has declared the Osmania University PGCET 2010 notification. AP PGCET 2010 exam notification is announced by Osmania University - Hydrabad.

Andhra Pradesh State Council of Higher Education (APSCHE) will conduct the Post Graduate Engineering Common Entrance Test (PGECET) 2010 on June 04. Osmania University will be responsible for the PGECET for or admission to various PG programs (Engineering, Technology, Architecture, Pharmacy and Planning) in Andhra Pradesh.application recieved starting at 09/04/2010

Osmania University of Andhra pradesh anounced PGECET Entrance Test.

Date PGECET 2010 Entrance test 26-05-2010 to 2-06-2010.

Official website of Osmania University pgcet 2010 notification is given below :

http://www.osmania.ac.in/

www.pgecet2010.net
These admission are for M.E.,M.Pharm. , M.Tech.,M.Arch, M.Plg.

pgcet 2010 notification , PGCET 2010 Online Application pgcet 2010 notification
pgcet 2010 andhra pradesh. pgcet 2010 in andhra pradesh. pgcet 2010 notification. andhra pgcet 2010 notification.

top ten hot hollywood actress

2010-03-26T04:08:00.000-07:00

x1.Angelina Jolie
sexiest-women-angelina-jolie
Her bad ass attitude, big juicy lips and sexy body helped make Angelina one of the most desired women in the world. She's also caring, loving and generous through all her selfless contributions to the world.

2.Scarlett Johansson
Scarlett-Johansson-picture
Young Scarlett has been acting since she was 8, she is becoming one of the best actresses in Hollywood at a young age. She has grown into a sexy women who is also an exceptional acting talent.

3.Jennifer Lopez
Jennifer-Lopez-Pic
J-Lo at 37 is still considered one of the sexiest in hollywood. She continues to make movies and headlines for her relationships with men. which has kept her in the spotlight and the minds of people everywhere.

4. Jessica Alba
Jessica-Alba-Pic
Jessica has one of the sexiest bodies in Hollywood and she has no problem showing it off. In her movie roles she is remembered for wearing tight fitting clothes and skimpy bathing suits.

5. Keira Knightley
Keira-Knightley
A fresh-face in Hollywood that came over from Britain. Keira has won over fans in North America with her good looks and charming personality. She has a long blockbuster career ahead of her.

6. Jennifer Aniston
Jennifer-Aniston-Picture
From her days on the show friends to marrying Brad Pitt and now a major movie star, Jennifer has gotten a lot of attention from the media and public, thus making her one of the sexiest actresses.

7. Halle Berry
Halle-Berry-Picture
The oscar award winning Halle is one of the highest paid actresses in Hollywood. She has a very beautiful body and great charisma that is captured on the big screen. Her sex appeal is undeniable.

8. Carmen Electra
carmen-electra-picture
Carmen is not known for acting in movies, she will be remembered for her pretty face, amazing body and now famous name. She has a great sense of humor and enjoys entertaining people on the big screen.

9. Pamela Anderson
Pamela-Anderson-Picture
Pamela Anderson is known more for her nude pictures than her acting skills. Don't be fooled by her bubbly personality and blonde hair, she is a smart business woman, an activist and a caring mother.

10. Lindsay Lohan
Lindsay-Lohan-Picture
The former teen queen is all grown up now. She will lead the future of sexy hollywood women, she began her acting career at a young age and loves to party with friends Paris and Nicky Hilton.

how to impress a girl and boy

2009-04-18T08:09:00.000-07:00

how to impress a boy
Step1
Be yourself around the boy you're trying to impress. This may sound like unhelpful advice, but the worst thing you can ever do is pretend to be something you're not. People will see right through you. So lighten up, enjoy yourself and have fun. Remember to laugh.
Step2
Find out what his interests are. This doesn't mean you need to pretend to be interested in the same things (unless you actually are), but it will give you a way to start conversations with him. Maybe you can even poke fun at him about something you learn; playful teasing is flirty and fun.
Step3
Dress appropriately. Often girls think the best way to lure a boy is by showing way too much skin, but dressing scantily could backfire. You never want to be (or seem) desperate for attention, and wearing inappropriate, or too little, clothing is a sure fire way to get the wrong kind of looks. Wear cute, age-appropriate clothing that leaves something to the imagination.
Step4
Lend an ear to him. Everyone needs a good listener in his life. If you like this boy, you don't want to nervously talk his ear off. Listen to him and be a good friend. Being relaxed and fun is intriguing, and if you're confident that you're fun to be around, the boy you want to impress will feel that. It won't take long for him to go from "boy to impress" to "definitely impressed."

how to impress a girl

Step1
What makes you different makes you impressive. What makes you different makes you impressive. Examine your hobbies. Maybe you do something like play Dungeons and Dragons, which won't impress a lot of girls, but maybe you organize meet ups all the time and can relate with everyone you speak with. Maybe you can make it interesting to the disbelievers. Do you play a sport? Reading could be your thing? Maybe you keep a blog that draws interested viewers constantly? Inside the ordinary everything (and those are just random examples) you can find something extraordinary and unique to you. Unique is key, because to impress a girl you should be unique.
Step2
Talk with her personally about things you have done. Talk with her personally about things you have done. Inside your hobbies and elsewhere, think about your accomplishments, big and small. Something is bound to be interesting and impressive to a girl. Just remember when talking to her not to simply toss out ideas and boast. Find something personal and easy to relate to about your accomplishment and share an experience with her.
Step3
Listening to her will defnitely impress a girl. Listening to her will defnitely impress a girl. Impress a girl by being interested in what she has to say. Ask about her hobbies and accomplishments. Get to know her. A girl is always impressed by genuine interest. You will also find things you both care about in talking and impress each other.

Boys want to impress girls all the time. Ever since man and woman were created, men have always tried to impress, woo and court woman. Impressing a girl is mandatory before a boy attempts to court the girl. There are numerous methods of impressing girls, namely looks, behavior and social and financial status. However, there are a few general rules in attempting to impress girls. Let us look at the first factor, which is that of your looks. How you present yourself to the girl matters as the first impression lasts very long in ones memory. Groom yourself first, ensure cleanliness and tidiness in your body hygiene and in the clothes you wear. No girl wants to date a guy who looks like he has escaped from the town zoo.

The next thing that strikes a girl is your demeanor, your confidence level and your general behavior. You should try to be polite and gentle in your conversations with the girl, being assertive to indicate your confidence and at the same time refrain from being aggressive which is sure to scare the girl. Your positive attitude will send positive vibes to the girl, which will surely be reciprocated. Show genuine interest in her, not just her looks but also in all other aspects of her. Be a good listener and when you talk, lace it with some humor, as this will show her that you are an interesting and exciting person to hangout with all the time.

Shower lavish compliments on her from time to time without being critical. Point out her positives more than her negative points. This will make a girl realize that you are so interested in her that you even overlook negative things about her, things of which she herself will be well aware. Be a romantic and surprise her with gifts on her anniversaries or important dates indicating that you attach equal importance to her important events in her life as much as she does herself. All girls like a successful person as a soul mate or partner but this does not mean that girls are interested only in rich boys. Exude confidence and self respect whatever your social standing is and this will definitely make her realize that you are someone who holds a lot of promise for the future if not now. So we can summarize that a well-groomed person with confidence and a positive attitude coupled with an ability to hold intelligent conversations laced with humor and wit will definitely impress almost all the girls.

How to Impress a Girl and Make Her Fall in Love with a Boy

Most guys want to impress a girl so she will like him, but most of those guys come about it all wrong, and instead of impressing her, he turns her off. Find out how to turn heads-in your direction.
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[edit] Steps

1. Now the first step is the most simple-play a sport. I don't care what you play, even rugby and golf. As long as girls know that you play a sport and don't sit all day in your dark room playing final fantasy, dungeons and dragons, and world of warcraft. Carry a football, basketball, or baseball glove around school a couple times out of the week. Also, if you're not exactly the sports type, try considering learning to play an instrument. Girls love a guy who can play guitar or piano. You don't know how much this attracts a girl. I mean, a girl would rather have a smart, fat, baseball player than a smart, fat world of warcraft geek.
2. Now, find out if she is single. It really sucks to do all of these steps for a girl who already has a boyfriend that she loves.
3. Too many guys make the mistake of thinking that if you can burp for more than twenty seconds, than a girl will fall in love with him. Impress her with your brains, act smarter and more mature than those other idiots. But don't come off as a geek or nerd.
4. Act charming. Have witty conversations with the girl.
5. Know the latest fashions, trends, music, movies, and tv shows. Pick up a newspaper or a magazine and read through all of the sections. Get a general knowledge of what is going on in today's teen world so you will have a lot to talk about.
6. Make friends with everyone. Be the guy who everyone sits around and listens to. Be the all around guy. Be able to talk to the goths, jocks, popular kids, geeks, and everyone else. She will feel way more comfortable around you knowing that you are cool with everyone you know, instead of being the geek in the back of the classroom who has no friends.
7. Find out what you both have in common, and make sure that she knows that you two have the same likes and dislikes.
8. Make her feel really comfortable around you. Make sure that she knows that she is able to come to you with any problems that she might be having in her life. Also, make sure that she knows that not only can you listen to her problems, but you can also solve her problems, or maybe at least just come up with ideas to help her solve them. Be warned, however. Offering advice is one thing, but girls don't talk about their problems to someone because they want that person to try and solve them all. They want someone who will listen, first and foremost.
9. Now here's the big step. Ask her out to a movie, or to lunch. If she feels the same way that you feel about her, then she will most likely say yes.

Tips

* Compliment her sometimes on something that she doesn't think that you will notice. When she is wearing something a little more special than normal, comment to her that she is looking especially nice. She probably put it on to be noticed, so she'll love the compliment. Even if you don't know anything about fashion, you'll know when she is wearing something nice is she smiles and blushes when you look at her. Just don't go overboard with the compliments. It will just look creepy. Maybe you should just say a compliment once a week, maybe twice a week, tops.
* Be yourself. Don't try to fake a personality. She will most likely notice, and if the girl you like doesn't like you for who you are, then she's not worth your time. Don't ever change your personality for another person. You are who you are, and if people don't like it, they will just have to deal with it. You are you, and nobody can, or should change that.

love

2009-04-18T07:27:00.000-07:00

Scholarship applications for Wikimania 2009 are now open. Apply now!
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[Help us with translations!]

Love
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Love (disambiguation).

Part of a series on Love

Basic Aspects
Love
Love (scientific views)

Love (virtue)

Love (cultural views)

Human bonding

Historically
Courtly love

Greek love

Religious love

Types of emotion
Erotic love

Platonic love

Familial love

Romantic love

See also
Unrequited love

Love sickness

Interpersonal relationship

Sexuality

Sexual intercourse

Cultural views of love

Valentine's Day

This box: view • talk • edit

Close relationships

Types of relationships
Boyfriend • Casual • Cohabitation • Concubinage • Courtesan • Domestic partnership • Family • Friendship • Girlfriend • Husband • Kinship • Marriage • Mistress (lover) • Monogamy • Non-monogamy • Pederasty • Polyamory • Polyfidelity • Polygamy • Romantic friendship • Same-sex relationship • Significant other • Soulmate • Widowhood • Wife
Major relationship events
Courtship • Bonding • Divorce • Relationship breakup • Romance • Separation • Wedding
Feelings and emotions
Affinity • Attachment • Compersion • Infatuation • Intimacy • Jealousy • Limerence • Love • Passion • Platonic love • Polyamory • Psychology of sexual monogamy
Human practices
Bride price (Dower • Dowry) • Hypergamy • Relationship abuse (Child abuse • Elder abuse • Spousal abuse) • Sexuality • Teen dating violence

v • d • e

The stylized heart symbol is a traditional European icon representing love.
This article about a trait that is shared between many species might have an extensive bias or disproportional coverage towards one species. Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page.

Love is any of a number of emotions and experiences related to a sense of strong affection[1] and attachment. The word love can refer to a variety of different feelings, states, and attitudes, ranging from generic pleasure to intense interpersonal attraction. The word love can refer to a variety of different feelings, states, and attitudes, ranging from generic pleasure ("I loved that meal") to intense interpersonal attraction ("I love my girlfriend"). This diversity of uses and meanings, combined with the complexity of the feelings involved, makes love unusually difficult to consistently define, even compared to other emotional states.
As an abstract concept, love usually refers to a deep, ineffable feeling of tenderly caring for another person. Even this limited conception of love, however, encompasses a wealth of different feelings, from the passionate desire and intimacy of romantic love to the nonsexual emotional closeness of familial and platonic love[2] to the profound oneness or devotion of religious love.[3] Love in its various forms acts as a major facilitator of interpersonal relationships and, owing to its central psychological importance, is one of the most common themes in the creative arts.
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Definitions
• 2 Impersonal love
• 3 Interpersonal love
o 3.1 Chemical basis
o 3.2 Psychological basis
o 3.3 Comparison of scientific models
• 4 Cultural views
o 4.1 Persian
o 4.2 Chinese and other Sinic cultures
o 4.3 Japanese
o 4.4 Ancient Greek
o 4.5 Turkish (Shaman & Islamic)
o 4.6 Ancient Roman (Latin)
• 5 Religious views
o 5.1 Christian
o 5.2 Buddhist
o 5.3 Indic and Hindu
o 5.4 Arabic and Islamic
o 5.5 Jewish
• 6 References
• 7 Sources
• 8 See also
• 9 External links

Definitions
The English word "love" can have a variety of related but distinct meanings in different contexts. Often, other languages use multiple words to express some of the different concepts that English relies mainly on "love" to encapsulate; one example is the plurality of Greek words for "love." Cultural differences in conceptualizing love thus make it doubly difficult to establish any universal definition.[4]
Although the nature or essence of love is a subject of frequent debate, different aspects of the word can be clarified by determining what isn't love. As a general expression of positive sentiment (a stronger form of like), love is commonly contrasted with hate (or neutral apathy); as a less sexual and more emotionally intimate form of romantic attachment, love is commonly contrasted with lust; and as an interpersonal relationship with romantic overtones, love is commonly contrasted with friendship, although other definitions of the word love may be applied to close friendships in certain contexts.
When discussed in the abstract, love usually refers to interpersonal love, an experience felt by a person for another person. Love often involves caring for or identifying with a person or thing, including oneself (cf. narcissism).
In addition to cross-cultural differences in understanding love, ideas about love have also changed greatly over time. Some historians date modern conceptions of romantic love to courtly Europe during or after the Middle Ages, although the prior existence of romantic attachments is attested by ancient love poetry.[5]
Because of the complex and abstract nature of love, discourse on love is commonly reduced to a thought-terminating cliché, and there are a number of common proverbs regarding love, from Virgil's "Love conquers all" to the Beatles' "All you need is love." Bertrand Russell describes love as a condition of "absolute value," as opposed to relative value. Theologian Thomas Jay Oord said that to love is to "act intentionally, in sympathetic response to others, to promote overall well-being."[citation needed] Philosopher Gottfried Leibniz said that love is "to be delighted by the happiness of another."[6]
Impersonal love
A person can be said to love a country, principle, or goal if they value it greatly and are deeply committed to it. Similarly, compassionate outreach and volunteer workers' "love" of their cause may sometimes be borne not of interpersonal love, but impersonal love coupled with altruism and strong political convictions. People can also "love" material objects, animals, or activities if they invest themselves in bonding or otherwise identifying with those things. If sexual passion is also involved, this condition is called paraphilia.[7]
Interpersonal love
Interpersonal love refers to love between human beings. It is a more potent sentiment than a simple liking for another. Unrequited love refers to those feelings of love that are not reciprocated. Interpersonal love is most closely associated with interpersonal relationships. Such love might exist between family members, friends, and couples. There are also a number of psychological disorders related to love, such as erotomania.
Throughout history, philosophy and religion have done the most speculation on the phenomenon of love. In the last century, the science of psychology has written a great deal on the subject. In recent years, the sciences of evolutionary psychology, evolutionary biology, anthropology, neuroscience, and biology have added to the understanding of the nature and function of love.
Chemical basis

Simplistic overview of the chemical basis of love.
Main article: Love (scientific views)
Biological models of sex tend to view love as a mammalian drive, much like hunger or thirst.[8] Helen Fisher, a leading expert in the topic of love, divides the experience of love into three partly overlapping stages: lust, attraction, and attachment. Lust exposes people to others; romantic attraction encourages people to focus their energy on mating; and attachment involves tolerating the spouse (or indeed the child) long enough to rear a child into infancy.
Lust is the initial passionate sexual desire that promotes mating, and involves the increased release of chemicals such as testosterone and estrogen. These effects rarely last more than a few weeks or months. Attraction is the more individualized and romantic desire for a specific candidate for mating, which develops out of lust as commitment to an individual mate forms. Recent studies in neuroscience have indicated that as people fall in love, the brain consistently releases a certain set of chemicals, including pheromones, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, which act in a manner similar to amphetamines, stimulating the brain's pleasure center and leading to side effects such as increased heart rate, loss of appetite and sleep, and an intense feeling of excitement. Research has indicated that this stage generally lasts from one and a half to three years.[9]
Since the lust and attraction stages are both considered temporary, a third stage is needed to account for long-term relationships. Attachment is the bonding that promotes relationships lasting for many years and even decades. Attachment is generally based on commitments such as marriage and children, or on mutual friendship based on things like shared interests. It has been linked to higher levels of the chemicals oxytocin and vasopressin to a greater degree than short-term relationships have.[9]
The protein molecule known as the nerve growth factor (NGF) has high levels when people first fall in love, but these return to previous levels after one year. [10]
Psychological basis

Grandmother and grandchild,
Sri Lanka.
Further information: Human bonding
Psychology depicts love as a cognitive and social phenomenon. Psychologist Robert Sternberg formulated a triangular theory of love and argued that love has three different components: intimacy, commitment, and passion. Intimacy is a form in which two people share confidences and various details of their personal lives, and is usually shown in friendships and romantic love affairs. Commitment, on the other hand, is the expectation that the relationship is permanent. The last and most common form of love is sexual attraction and passion. Passionate love is shown in infatuation as well as romantic love. All forms of love are viewed as varying combinations of these three components. American psychologist Zick Rubin seeks to define love by psychometrics. His work states that three factors constitute love: attachment, caring, and intimacy.[11][12]

Fraternal love (Prehispanic sculpture from 250–900 A.D., of Huastec origin). Museum of Anthropology in Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
Following developments in electrical theories such as Coulomb's law, which showed that positive and negative charges attract, analogs in human life were developed, such as "opposites attract." Over the last century, research on the nature of human mating has generally found this not to be true when it comes to character and personality—people tend to like people similar to themselves. However, in a few unusual and specific domains, such as immune systems, it seems that humans prefer others who are unlike themselves (e.g., with an orthogonal immune system), since this will lead to a baby that has the best of both worlds.[13] In recent years, various human bonding theories have been developed, described in terms of attachments, ties, bonds, and affinities.
Some Western authorities disaggregate into two main components, the altruistic and the narcissistic. This view is represented in the works of Scott Peck, whose work in the field of applied psychology explored the definitions of love and evil. Peck maintains that love is a combination of the "concern for the spiritual growth of another," and simple narcissism.[14] In combination, love is an activity, not simply a feeling.

Sacred Love Versus Profane Love (1602–03) by Giovanni Baglione.
Comparison of scientific models
Biological models of love tend to see it as a mammalian drive, similar to hunger or thirst.[8] Psychology sees love as more of a social and cultural phenomenon. There are probably elements of truth in both views. Certainly love is influenced by hormones (such as oxytocin), neurotrophins (such as NGF), and pheromones, and how people think and behave in love is influenced by their conceptions of love. The conventional view in biology is that there are two major drives in love: sexual attraction and attachment. Attachment between adults is presumed to work on the same principles that lead an infant to become attached to its mother. The traditional psychological view sees love as being a combination of companionate love and passionate love. Passionate love is intense longing, and is often accompanied by physiological arousal (shortness of breath, rapid heart rate); companionate love is affection and a feeling of intimacy not accompanied by physiological arousal.
Studies have shown that brain scans of those infatuated by love display a resemblance to those with a mental illness. Love creates activity in the same area of the brain where hunger, thirst, and drug cravings create activity. New love, therefore, could possibly be more physical than emotional. Over time, this reaction to love mellows, and different areas of the brain are activated, primarily ones involving long-term commitments. Dr. Andrew Newberg, a neuroscientist, suggests that this reaction to love is so similar to that of drugs because without love, humanity would die out.[citation needed]
Cultural views
Persian
Even after all this time
The sun never says to the earth, "You owe me."
Look what happens with a Love like that!
—It lights the whole Sky. (Hafiz)
Rumi, Hafez and Sa'di are icons of the passion and love that the Persian culture and language present. The Persian word for love is eshgh, deriving from the Arabic ishq. In the Persian culture, everything is encompassed by love and all is for love, starting from loving friends and family, husbands and wives, and eventually reaching the divine love that is the ultimate goal in life. Over seven centuries ago, Sa'di wrote:
The children of Adam are limbs of one body
Having been created of one essence.
When the calamity of time afflicts one limb
The other limbs cannot remain at rest.
If you have no sympathy for the troubles of others
You are not worthy to be called by the name of "man."
Chinese and other Sinic cultures

The traditional Chinese character for love (愛) consists of a heart (middle) inside of "accept," "feel," or "perceive," which shows a graceful emotion.
In contemporary Chinese language and culture, several terms or root words are used for the concept of love:
• It was the Qing‘s emperor first word of name.
• Ai (愛) is used as a verb (e.g., Wo ai ni, "I love you") or as a noun, especially in aiqing (愛情), "love" or "romance." In mainland China since 1949, airen (愛人, originally "lover," or more literally, "love person") is the dominant word for "spouse" (with separate terms for "wife" and "husband" originally being de-emphasized); the word once had a negative connotation, which it retains among many in Taiwan.
• Lian (戀) is not generally used alone, but instead as part of such terms as "being in love" (談戀愛, tan lian'ai—also containing ai), "lover" (戀人, lianren) or "homosexuality" (同性戀, tongxinglian).
• Qing (情), commonly meaning "feeling" or "emotion," often indicates "love" in several terms. It is contained in the word aiqing (愛情); qingren (情人) is a term for "lover."
In Confucianism, lian is a virtuous benevolent love. Lian should be pursued by all human beings, and reflects a moral life. The Chinese philosopher Mozi developed the concept of ai (愛) in reaction to Confucian lian. Ai, in Mohism, is universal love towards all beings, not just towards friends or family, without regard to reciprocation. Extravagance and offensive war are inimical to ai. Although Mozi's thought was influential, the Confucian lian is how most Chinese conceive of love.
Gănqíng (感情) is the "feeling" of a relationship, vaguely similar to empathy. A person will express love by building good gănqíng, accomplished through helping or working for another and emotional attachment toward another person or anything.
Yuanfen (緣份) is a connection of bound destinies. A meaningful relationship is often conceived of as dependent strong yuanfen. It is very similar to serendipity. A similar conceptualization in English is, "They were made for each other," "fate," or "destiny."
Zaolian (Simplified: 早恋, Traditional: 早戀, pinyin: zǎoliàn), literally "early love," is a contemporary term in frequent use for romantic feelings or attachments among children or adolescents. Zaolian describes both relationships among a teenage boyfriend and girlfriend as well as the "crushes" of early adolescence or childhood. The concept essentially indicates a prevalent belief in contemporary Chinese culture, which is that, due to the demands of their studies (especially true in the highly competitive educational system of China), youth should not form romantic attachments lest their jeopardize their chances for success in the future. Reports have appeared in Chinese newspapers and other media detailing the prevalence of the phenomenon and its perceived dangers to students and the fears of parents.
Japanese
In Japanese Buddhism, ai (愛) is passionate caring love, and a fundamental desire. It can develop towards either selfishness or selflessness and enlightenment.
Amae (甘え), a Japanese word meaning "indulgent dependence," is part of the child-rearing culture of Japan. Japanese mothers are expected to hug and indulge their children, and children are expected to reward their mothers by clinging and serving. Some sociologists have suggested that Japanese social interactions in later life are modeled on the mother-child amae.
Ancient Greek
Greek distinguishes several different senses in which the word "love" is used. For example, Ancient Greek has the words philia, eros, agape, storge, and xenia. However, with Greek (as with many other languages), it has been historically difficult to separate the meanings of these words totally. At the same time, the Ancient Greek text of the Bible has examples of the verb agapo having the same meaning as phileo.
Agape (ἀγάπη agápē) means love in modern-day Greek. The term s'agapo means I love you in Greek. The word agapo is the verb I love. It generally refers to a "pure," ideal type of love, rather than the physical attraction suggested by eros. However, there are some examples of agape used to mean the same as eros. It has also been translated as "love of the soul."
Eros (ἔρως érōs) is passionate love, with sensual desire and longing. The Greek word erota means in love. Plato refined his own definition. Although eros is initially felt for a person, with contemplation it becomes an appreciation of the beauty within that person, or even becomes appreciation of beauty itself. Eros helps the soul recall knowledge of beauty and contributes to an understanding of spiritual truth. Lovers and philosophers are all inspired to seek truth by eros. Some translations list it as "love of the body."
Philia (φιλία philía), a dispassionate virtuous love, was a concept developed by Aristotle. It includes loyalty to friends, family, and community, and requires virtue, equality, and familiarity. Philia is motivated by practical reasons; one or both of the parties benefit from the relationship. It can also mean "love of the mind."
Storge (στοργή storgē) is natural affection, like that felt by parents for offspring.
Xenia (ξενία xenía), hospitality, was an extremely important practice in Ancient Greece. It was an almost ritualized friendship formed between a host and his guest, who could previously have been strangers. The host fed and provided quarters for the guest, who was expected to repay only with gratitude. The importance of this can be seen throughout Greek mythology—in particular, Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.
Turkish (Shaman & Islamic)
In Turkish, the word "love" comes up with several meanings. A person can love a god, a person, parents, or family. But that person can "love" just one person from the opposite sex, which they call the word "aşk." Aşk is a feeling for to love, as it still is in Turkish today. The Turks used this word just for their romantic loves in a romantic or sexual sense. If a Turk says that he is in love (aşk) with somebody, it is not a love that a person can feel for his or her parents; it is just for one person, and it indicates a huge infatuation. The word is also common for Turkic languages, such as Kazakh (ғашық).
Ancient Roman (Latin)
The Latin language has several different verbs corresponding to the English word "love."
Amāre is the basic word for to love, as it still is in Italian today. The Romans used it both in an affectionate sense as well as in a romantic or sexual sense. From this verb come amans—a lover, amator, "professional lover," often with the accessory notion of lechery—and amica, "girlfriend" in the English sense, often as well being applied euphemistically to a prostitute. The corresponding noun is amor, which is also used in the plural form to indicate love affairs or sexual adventures. This same root also produces amicus—"friend"—and amicitia, "friendship" (often based to mutual advantage, and corresponding sometimes more closely to "indebtedness" or "influence"). Cicero wrote a treatise called On Friendship (de Amicitia), which discusses the notion at some length. Ovid wrote a guide to dating called Ars Amatoria (The Art of Love), which addresses, in depth, everything from extramarital affairs to overprotective parents.
Complicating the picture somewhat, Latin sometimes uses amāre where English would simply say to like. This notion, however, is much more generally expressed in Latin by placere or delectāre, which are used more colloquially, the latter used frequently in the love poetry of Catullus.
Diligere often has the notion "to be affectionate for," "to esteem," and rarely if ever is used for romantic love. This word would be appropriate to describe the friendship of two men. The corresponding noun diligentia, however, has the meaning of "diligence" or "carefulness," and has little semantic overlap with the verb.
Observare is a synonym for diligere; despite the cognate with English, this verb and its corresponding noun, observantia, often denote "esteem" or "affection."
Caritas is used in Latin translations of the Christian Bible to mean "charitable love"; this meaning, however, is not found in Classical pagan Roman literature. As it arises from a conflation with a Greek word, there is no corresponding verb.
Religious views
Christian
The Christian understanding is that love comes from God. The love of man and woman—eros in Greek—and the unselfish love of others (agape), are often contrasted as "ascending" and "descending" love, respectively, but are ultimately the same thing.[15]
There are several Greek words for "love" that are regularly referred to in Christian circles.
• Agape: In the New Testament, agapē is charitable, selfless, altruistic, and unconditional. It is parental love, seen as creating goodness in the world; it is the way God is seen to love humanity, and it is seen as the kind of love that Christians aspire to have for one another.
• Phileo: Also used in the New Testament, phileo is a human response to something that is found to be delightful. Also known as "brotherly love."
• Two other words for love in the Greek language, eros (sexual love) and storge (child-to-parent love), were never used in the New Testament.
Christians believe that to Love God with all your heart, mind, and strength and Love your neighbor as yourself are the two most important things in life (the greatest commandment of the Jewish Torah, according to Jesus; cf. Gospel of Mark chapter 12, verses 28–34). Saint Augustine summarized this when he wrote "Love God, and do as thou wilt."
The Apostle Paul glorified love as the most important virtue of all. Describing love in the famous poem in 1 Corinthians, he wrote, "Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, and always perseveres." (1 Cor. 13:4–7, NIV)
The Apostle John wrote, "For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life. For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but to save the world through him. Whoever believes in him is not condemned, but whoever does not believe stands condemned already because he has not believed in the name of God's one and only Son." (John 3:16–18, NIV)
John also wrote, "Dear friends, let us love one another for love comes from God. Everyone who loves has been born of God and knows God. Whoever does not love does not know God, because God is love." (1 John 4:7–8, NIV)
Saint Augustine says that one must be able to decipher the difference between love and lust. Lust, according to Saint Augustine, is an overindulgence, but to love and be loved is what he has sought for his entire life. He even says, “I was in love with love.” Finally, he does fall in love and is loved back, by God. Saint Augustine says the only one who can love you truly and fully is God, because love with a human only allows for flaws such as “jealousy, suspicion, fear, anger, and contention.” According to Saint Augustine, to love God is “to attain the peace which is yours.” (Saint Augustine Confessions)
Christian theologians see God as the source of love, which is mirrored in humans and their own loving relationships. Influential Christian theologian C.S. Lewis wrote a book called The Four Loves.
Benedict XVI wrote his first encyclical on "God is love." He said that a human being, created in the image of God, who is love, is able to practice love; to give himself to God and others (agape) and by receiving and experiencing God's love in contemplation (eros). This life of love, according to him, is the life of the saints such as Teresa of Calcutta and the Blessed Virgin Mary and is the direction Christians take when they believe that God loves them.[15]
Buddhist
In Buddhism, Kāma is sensuous, sexual love. It is an obstacle on the path to enlightenment, since it is selfish.
Karuṇā is compassion and mercy, which reduces the suffering of others. It is complementary to wisdom and is necessary for enlightenment.
Adveṣa and maitrī are benevolent love. This love is unconditional and requires considerable self-acceptance. This is quite different from ordinary love, which is usually about attachment and sex and which rarely occurs without self-interest. Instead, in Buddhism it refers to detachment and unselfish interest in others' welfare.
The Bodhisattva ideal in Mahayana Buddhism involves the complete renunciation of oneself in order to take on the burden of a suffering world. The strongest motivation one has in order to take the path of the Bodhisattva is the idea of salvation within unselfish, altruistic love for all sentient beings.
Indic and Hindu
In Hinduism, kāma is pleasurable, sexual love, personified by the god Kamadeva. For many Hindu schools, it is the third end (artha) in life. Kamadeva is often pictured holding a bow of sugar cane and an arrow of flowers; he may ride upon a great parrot. He is usually accompanied by his consort Rati and his companion Vasanta, lord of the spring season. Stone images of Kaama and Rati can be seen on the door of the Chenna Keshava temple at Belur, in Karnataka, India. Maara is another name for kāma.
In contrast to kāma, prema—or prem—refers to elevated love. Karuna is compassion and mercy, which impels one to help reduce the suffering of others. Bhakti is a Sanskrit term, meaning "loving devotion to the supreme God." A person who practices bhakti is called a bhakta. Hindu writers, theologians, and philosophers have distinguished nine forms of bhakti, which can be found in the Bhagavatha-Purana and works by Tulsidas. The philosophical work Narada Bhakti Sutras, written by an unknown author (presumed to be Narada), distinguishes eleven forms of love.
Arabic and Islamic
In a sense, love does encompass the Islamic view of life as universal brotherhood that applies to all who hold the faith. There are no direct references stating that God is love, but amongst the 99 names of God (Allah), there is the name Al-Wadud, or "the Loving One," which is found in Surah 11:90 as well as Surah 85:14. It refers to God as being "full of loving kindness." All who hold the faith have God's love, but to what degree or effort he has pleased God depends on the individual itself.
Ishq, or divine love, is the emphasis of Sufism. Sufis believe that love is a projection of the essence of God to the universe. God desires to recognize beauty, and as if one looks at a mirror to see oneself, God "looks" at itself within the dynamics of nature. Since everything is a reflection of God, the school of Sufism practices to see the beauty inside the apparently ugly. Sufism is often referred to as the religion of love. God in Sufism is referred to in three main terms, which are the Lover, Loved, and Beloved, with the last of these terms being often seen in Sufi poetry. A common viewpoint of Sufism is that through love, humankind can get back to its inherent purity and grace. The saints of Sufism are infamous for being "drunk" due to their love of God; hence, the constant reference to wine in Sufi poetry and music.
Jewish
In Hebrew, Ahava is the most commonly used term for both interpersonal love and love of God.
Judaism employs a wide definition of love, both among people and between man and the Deity. Regarding the former, the Torah states, "Love your neighbor like yourself" (Leviticus 19:18). As for the latter, one is commanded to love God "with all your heart, with all your soul and with all your might" (Deuteronomy 6:5), taken by the Mishnah (a central text of the Jewish oral law) to refer to good deeds, willingness to sacrifice one's life rather than commit certain serious transgressions, willingness to sacrifice all of one's possessions, and being grateful to the Lord despite adversity (tractate Berachoth 9:5). Rabbinic literature differs as to how this love can be developed, e.g., by contemplating divine deeds or witnessing the marvels of nature.
As for love between marital partners, this is deemed an essential ingredient to life: "See life with the wife you love" (Ecclesiastes 9:9). The biblical book Song of Solomon is considered a romantically phrased metaphor of love between God and his people, but in its plain reading, reads like a love song.
The 20th-century Rabbi Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler is frequently quoted as defining love from the Jewish point of view as "giving without expecting to take" (from his Michtav me-Eliyahu, Vol. 1). Romantic love per se has few echoes in Jewish literature, although the Medieval Rabbi Judah Halevi wrote romantic poetry in Arabic in his younger years (he appears to have regretted this later).
References
1. ^ Oxford Illustrated American Dictionary (1998) + Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary (2000)
2. ^ Kristeller, Paul Oskar (1980). Renaissance Thought and the Arts: Collected Essays. Princeton University. ISBN 0-691-02010-8.
3. ^ Mascaró, Juan (2003). The Bhagavad Gita. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-140-44918-3. (J. Mascaró, translator)
4. ^ Kay, Paul. "What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?" American Anthropologist, New Series, Volume 86, No. 1, March 1984, pp. 65–79
5. ^ Ancient Love Poetry
6. ^ Gottfried Leibniz, Confessio philosophi. Wikisource edition, retrieved Mar 25, 2009.
7. ^ DiscoveryHealth, Paraphilia, http://health.discovery.com/centers/sex/sexpedia/paraphilia.html, retrieved on 2007-12-16
8. ^ a b Lewis, Thomas; Amini, F., & Lannon, R. (2000). A General Theory of Love. Random House. ISBN 0-375-70922-3.
9. ^ a b Winston, Robert (2004). Human. Smithsonian Institution.
10. ^ Emanuele, E.; Polliti, P.; Bianchi, M.; Minoretti, P.; Bertona, M.; & Geroldi, D. (2005). “Raised plasma nerve growth factor levels associated with early-stage romantic love.” Abstract. Psychoneuroendocrinology, Sept. 05.
11. ^ Rubin, Zick. "Measurement of Romantic Love." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,16, 265–273, 1970
12. ^ Rubin, Zick. Liking and Loving: an invitation to social psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1973
13. ^ Berscheid, Ellen; Walster, Elaine, H. (1969). Interpersonal Attraction. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co. CCCN 69-17443.
14. ^ Peck, Scott (1978). The Road Less Traveled. Simon & Schuster. p. 169. ISBN 0-671-25067-1.
15. ^ a b Pope Benedict XVI, papal encyclical, Deus Caritas Est.
Sources
• Chadwick, Henry. "Saint Augustine Confessions." Oxford University Press, 1998.
• Fisher, Helen. Why We Love: the Nature and Chemistry of Romantic Love
• Singer, Irving. The Nature of Love, in three volumes, Random House (v.1, 1966), reprinted and later volumes from The University of Chicago Press, 1984. ISBN 0-226-76094-4
• Sternberg, R.J. A triangular theory of love. 1986. Psychological Review, 93, 119–135
• Sternberg, R.J. Liking versus loving: A comparative evaluation of theories. 1987. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 331–345
• Tennov, Dorothy. Love and Limerence: the Experience of Being in Love. New York: Stein and Day, 1979. ISBN 0-812-86134-5
• Wood Samuel E., Ellen Wood and Denise Boyd. The World of Psychology. 5th edition. 2005. Pearson Education, 402–403
See also
• Love letter
• Monogamy
• Haptic medicine
• Wikipedia Books: Love
External links

Look up love in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Love

Look up I love you in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
• The Science of Love
• A whimsical overview of scientific research on love, with references
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Love (scientific views)
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Part of a series on Love

Basic Aspects
Love

Love (scientific views)
Love (virtue)

Love (cultural views)

Human bonding

Historically
Courtly love

Greek love

Religious love

Types of emotion
Erotic love

Platonic love

Familial love

Romantic love

See also
Unrequited love

Love sickness

Interpersonal relationship

Sexuality

Sexual intercourse

Cultural views of love

Valentine's Day

This box: view • talk • edit

Close relationships

Types of relationships
Boyfriend • Casual • Cohabitation • Concubinage • Courtesan • Domestic partnership • Family • Friendship • Girlfriend • Husband • Kinship • Marriage • Mistress (lover) • Monogamy • Non-monogamy • Pederasty • Polyamory • Polyfidelity • Polygamy • Romantic friendship • Same-sex relationship • Significant other • Soulmate • Widowhood • Wife
Major relationship events
Courtship • Bonding • Divorce • Relationship breakup • Romance • Separation • Wedding
Feelings and emotions
Affinity • Attachment • Compersion • Infatuation • Intimacy • Jealousy • Limerence • Love • Passion • Platonic love • Polyamory • Psychology of sexual monogamy
Human practices
Bride price (Dower • Dowry) • Hypergamy • Relationship abuse (Child abuse • Elder abuse • Spousal abuse) • Sexuality • Teen dating violence

v • d • e

From a scientifically testable frame of reference, love is a type of interpersonal relationship where mutual assumption of good faith results in a state of emergence, i.e. constituents individually perceive the group's social evolution as both beneficial and greater than what could be achieved by the sum of the relationship's parts.
Biological sciences such as evolutionary psychology, evolutionary biology, anthropology and neuroscience have begun to explore the nature and function of love. Specific chemical substances such as oxytocin are studied in the context of their roles in producing human experiences and behaviors that are associated with love.
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Evolutionary psychology
• 2 Neurochemistry
o 2.1 Serotonin
o 2.2 Oxytocin
o 2.3 Nerve growth factor
• 3 Brain imaging
• 4 See also
• 5 References
• 6 External links

[edit] Evolutionary psychology
From the perspective of evolutionary psychology the experiences and behaviors associated with love can be investigated in terms of how they have been shaped by human evolution.[1] For example, it has been suggested that human language has been selected during evolution as a type of "mating signal" that allows potential mates to judge reproductive fitness.[2] Miller described evolutionary psychology as a starting place for further research: "Cognitive neuroscience could try to localize courtship adaptations in the brain. Most importantly, we need much better observations concerning real-life human courtship, including the measurable aspects of courtship that influence mate choice, the reproductive (or at least sexual) consequences of individual variation in those aspects, and the social-cognitive and emotional mechanisms of falling in love." Since Darwin's time there have been similar speculations about the evolution of human interest in music also as a potential signaling system for attracting and judging the fitness of potential mates.[3] It has been suggested that the human capacity to experience love has been evolved as a signal to potential mates that the partner will be a good parent and be likely to help pass genes to future generations.[4]
[edit] Neurochemistry
Studies in neuroscience have involved chemicals that are present in the brain and might be involved when people experience love. These chemicals include: nerve growth factor[5], testosterone, estrogen, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, oxytocin, and vasopressin.[6] Adequate brain levels of testosterone seem important for both human male and female sexual behavior.[7] Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are more commonly found during the attraction phase of a relationship.[citation needed] Oxytocin and vasopressin seemed to be more closely linked to long term bonding and relationships characterized by strong attachments.
The conventional view in biology is that there are two major drives in love — sexual attraction and attachment. [8] Attachment between adults is presumed to work on the same principles that lead an infant to become attached to his or her mother or father.
The chemicals triggered that are responsible for passionate love and long-term attachment love seem to be more particular to the activities in which both persons participate rather than to the nature of the specific people involved.[8]
Helen Fisher, a leading expert in the topic of love, also adds lust to the experience of love. Lust exposes people to others, and is the initial passionate sexual desire that promotes mating, and involves the increased release of chemicals such as testosterone and estrogen. These effects rarely last more than a few weeks or months.
[edit] Serotonin
Chemically, the serotonin effects of being in love have a similar chemical appearance to obsessive-compulsive disorder; which could explain why a person in love cannot think of anyone else.[9] For this reason some assert that taking SSRIs and other antidepressants, which treat OCD, impede one's ability to fall in love. One particular case:
"I know of one couple on the edge of divorce. The wife was on an antidepressant. Then she went off it, started having orgasms once more, felt the renewal of sexual attraction for her husband, and they're now in love all over again."[citation needed]
[edit] Oxytocin
The long-term attachment felt after the initial "in love" passionate phase of the relationship ends is related to oxytocin, a chemical released after orgasm.[10] Moreover, novelty triggers attraction. Thus, nerve-racking activities like riding a roller coaster are good on dates. Even working out for several minutes can make one more attracted to other people on account of increased heart rate and other physiological responses.
[edit] Nerve growth factor
In 2005, Italian scientists at Pavia University found that a protein molecule known as the nerve growth factor (NGF) has high levels when people first fall in love, but these return to previous levels after one year. Specifically, four neurotrophin levels (NGF, BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4) of 58 subjects who had recently fallen in love were compared with levels in two control groups who were either single or already engaged in a long-term relationship. The results showed that NGF levels were significantly higher in the subjects in love than as compared to either of the control groups.[11]
[edit] Brain imaging
Brain scanning techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging have been used to investigate brain regions that seem to be involved in producing the human experience of love.[12]
[edit] See also
• Biological Attraction
• Love
• Love (cultural views)
• Love (religious views)
• Love sickness
Charity (virtue)
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This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. (February 2007)

This article is about the theological term of Christianity. For other uses, see Charity (disambiguation).

Allegorical personification of Charity as a mother with three infants by Anthony van Dyck
In Christian theology charity, or love (agapē), means an unlimited loving-kindness toward all others.
The term should not be confused with the more restricted modern use of the word charity to mean benevolent giving.
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Caritas: altruistic love
• 2 Notes
• 3 See also
• 4 External links

[edit] Caritas: altruistic love
In Christian theology charity, or love (agapē), is the greatest of the three theological virtues:
Deus caritas est - "God is love".
Love, in this sense of an unlimited loving-kindness towards all others, is held to be the ultimate perfection of the human spirit, because it is said to both glorify and reflect the nature of God. In its most extreme form such love can be self-sacrificial. Confusion can arise from the multiple meanings of the English word "love." The love that is caritas is distinguished by its origin, being Divinely infused into the soul, and by its residing in the will rather than emotions, regardless of what emotions it stirs up. This love is necessary for salvation, and with it no one can be lost.

Charity by William-Adolphe Bouguereau
Charity is comprised two parts, love of God and love of man, which includes both love of one's neighbor and one's self.
Paul describes it in the Letter to the Corinthians (chapter 13 (KJV)):
Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, and have not charity, I am become as sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal. And though I have the gift of prophecy, and understand all mysteries, and all knowledge; and though I have all faith, so that I could remove mountains, and have not charity, I am nothing. And though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor, and though I give my body to be burned, and have not charity, it profiteth me nothing.
Charity suffereth long, and is kind; charity envieth not; charity vaunteth not itself, is not puffed up, Doth not behave itself unseemly, seeketh not her own, is not easily provoked, thinketh no evil; Rejoiceth not in iniquity, but rejoiceth in the truth; Beareth all things, believeth all things, hopeth all things, endureth all things.
Charity never faileth: but whether there be prophecies, they shall fail; whether there be tongues, they shall cease; whether there be knowledge, it shall vanish away. For we know in part, and we prophesy in part. But when that which is perfect is come, then that which is in part shall be done away.
When I was a child, I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child: but when I became a man, I put away childish things. For now we see through a glass, darkly; but then face to face: now I know in part; but then shall I know even as also I am known.
And now abideth faith, hope, charity, these three; but the greatest of these is charity.
Note that the King James Version uses both the words charity and love to translate the idea of caritas / ἀγάπη: sometimes it uses one, sometimes the other, for the same concept. Most other English translations, both before and since, do not; instead throughout they use the same more direct English word love, so that the unity of the teaching should not be in doubt. Love can have other meanings in English, but as used in the Bible it almost always refers to the virtue of caritas.
Many times when charity is mentioned in English-language bibles, it refers to "love of God." One example is "charity covereth a multitude of sins" (Peter 4:8), which forms the basis of perfect contrition.
[edit] Notes
1. John Bossy, Christianity in the West 1400-1700 (Oxford 1985) 168.
[edit] See also
• Loving-kindness
• Chesed Hebrew word, given the association of kindness and love
• Agape Greek word, given the association of "loving-kindness" or "love"
• Mettā Sanskrit word, given the association of "loving-kindness" and "friendliness"
• Deus caritas est 2005 Papal Encyclical
• Love for enemies
• Seven Heavenly Virtues
Chastity
Temperance
Charity
Diligence
Patience
Kindness
Humility
• Seven Deadly Sins (opposite of the seven virtues)
Lust
Gluttony
Greed
Sloth
Wrath
Envy
Pride
Love (cultural views)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

The heart, a frequent modern symbol of love
This page contains cultural views on the topic of love.
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Cultural views
o 1.1 Chinese
o 1.2 Japanese
o 1.3 Greek
o 1.4 Latin
o 1.5 Indonesian
o 1.6 Filipino Concepts
o 1.7 The Urdu Language
• 2 See also
• 3 References
• 4 External links

[edit] Cultural views
Part of a series on Love

Basic Aspects
Love

Love (scientific views)

Love (virtue)

Love (cultural views)
Human bonding

Historically
Courtly love

Greek love

Religious love

Types of emotion
Erotic love

Platonic love

Familial love

Romantic love

See also
Unrequited love

Love sickness

Interpersonal relationship

Sexuality

Sexual intercourse

Cultural views of love

Valentine's Day

This box: view • talk • edit

[edit] Chinese
• Ai (愛) is used as a verb (e.g. Wo ai ni, "I love you") or as a noun, especially in aiqing (愛情), "love" or "romance." In mainland China since 1949, airen (愛人, originally "lover," or more literally, "love person") is the dominant word for "spouse" (with separate terms for "wife" and "husband" originally being de-emphasized).
• Lian (戀) is not generally used alone, but instead as part of such terms as "being in love" (談戀愛, tan lian'ai — also containing ai), "lover" (戀人, lianren) or "homosexuality" (同性戀, tongxinglian).
• Qing (情), commonly meaning "feeling" or "emotion," often indicates "love" in several terms. It is contained in the word aiqing (愛情); qingren (情人) is a term for "lover". It is comparable to the English word "dear".
In Confucianism, lian is a virtuous benevolent love. Lian should be pursued by all human beings, and reflects a moral life. The Chinese philosopher Mozi developed the concept of ai (愛) in reaction to Confucian lian. Ai, in Mohism, is universal love towards all beings, not just towards friends or family, without regard to reciprocation. Extravagance and offensive war are inimical to ai. Although Mozi's thought was influential, the Confucian lian is how most Chinese conceive of love.
Gănqíng (感情), the feeling of a relationship. A person will express love by building good gănqíng, accomplished through helping or working for another. Emotional attachment toward another person or anything.
Yuanfen (緣份) is a connection of bound destinies. A meaningful relationship is often conceived of as dependent strong yuanfen. It is very similar to serendipity. A similar conceptualization in English is, "They were made for each other," "fate," or "destiny".
Zaolian (Simplified: 早恋, Traditional: 早戀, pinyin: zǎoliàn), "puppy love" or literally "early love," is a contemporary term in frequent use for romantic feelings or attachments among children or adolescents. Zaolian describes both relationships among a teenaged boyfriend and girlfriend, as well as the "crushes" of early adolescence or childhood. The concept essentially indicates a prevalent belief in contemporary Chinese culture that due to the demands of their studies (especially true in the highly competitive educational system of China), youth should not form romantic attachments lest they jeopardize their chances for success in the future. Reports have appeared in Chinese newspapers and other media detailing the prevalence of the phenomenon and its perceived dangers to students and the fears of parents.
[edit] Japanese
In Japanese Buddhism, ai (愛) is passionate caring love, and a fundamental desire. It can develop towards either selfishness or selflessness and enlightenment.
Amae (甘え), a Japanese word meaning "indulgent dependence", is part of the child-rearing culture of Japan. Japanese mothers are expected to hug and indulge their children, and children are expected to reward their mothers by clinging and serving. Some sociologists (most notably, Takeo Doi) have suggested that Japanese social interactions in later life are modeled on the mother-child amae.
Linguistically, the two most common words for love are ai （愛）and koi (恋). Generally speaking, most forms of non-romantic love are expressed using the former, while romantic love is expressed using the latter. "Parental love", for example, is oya no ai (親の愛), while "to be in love with" is koi suru (恋する). There are of course exceptions. The word aijin (愛人) means "lover" and implies an illicit, often extramarital relationship, whereas koibito (恋人) has the connotation of "boyfriend", "girlfriend", or "partner".
In everyday conversation, however, ai (愛) and koi (恋) are rarely used because to many Japanese people the word "ai" sounds either overly dramatic or desperate. Rather than using ai shiteiru (愛している) or koi shiteiru (恋している) to say "I love you", for example, most Japanese would say daisuki desu (大好きです), which means "I really like you" -- suki (好き) being the same word used to express preferences for food, music, etc., as in sushi ga suki desu (寿司が好きです), or "I like sushi." Rather than diluting the sentiment, however, the implied meaning of "love" is understood. (The phrase ai shiteiru (愛している), "I love you", however, tends to show up frequently in pop song love ballads.)
[edit] Greek
See also: Greek words for love
Greek distinguishes several different senses in which the word love is used. For example, ancient Greek has the words philia, eros, agape, storge and xenia. As with many other languages, it is difficult to separate the meanings of these words totally. The ancient Greek text of the Bible has examples of the verb agapo being used with the same meaning as phileo.[citation needed]
Agape (ἀγάπη agápē) means love in modern day Greek. The term s'agapo means I love you in Greek. The word agapo is the verb I love. It generally refers to a "pure", ideal type of love rather than the physical attraction suggested by eros. However, there are some examples of agape used to mean the same as eros. It has also been translated as "love of the soul".
Eros (ἔρως érōs) is passionate love, with sensual desire and longing. The Greek word erota means in love. Plato refined his own definition. Although eros is initially felt for a person, with contemplation it becomes an appreciation of the beauty within that person, or even becomes appreciation of beauty itself. Eros helps the soul recall knowledge of beauty, and contributes to an understanding of spiritual truth. Lovers and philosophers are all inspired to seek truth by eros. Some translations list it as "love of the body".
Philia (φιλία philía), means friendship in modern Greek, a dispassionate virtuous love, was a concept developed by Aristotle. It includes loyalty to friends, family, and community, and requires virtue, equality and familiarity. Philia is motivated by practical reasons; one or both of the parties benefit from the relationship.
Storge (στοργή storgē) means affection in modern Greek; it is natural affection, like that felt by parents for offspring.
Xenia (ξενία philoxenía), means hospitality in modern Greek, and was an extremely important practice in ancient Greece. It was an almost ritualized friendship formed between a host and their guest, who could previously be strangers. The host fed and provided quarters for the guest, who was only expected to repay with gratitude. The importance of this can be seen throughout Greek mythology, in particular Homer's Iliad and Odyssey.
[edit] Latin

'Sacred Love versus Profane Love' by Giovanni Baglione
The Latin language has several different verbs corresponding to the English word 'love'.
Amore is the basic word for to love, as it still is in Italian today. The Romans used it both in an affectionate sense, as well as in a romantic or sexual sense. From this verb come amans, a lover, amator, 'professional lover', often with the accessory notion of lechery, and amica, 'girlfriend' in the English sense, often as well being applied euphemistically to a prostitute. The corresponding noun is amor, which is also used in the plural form to indicate 'love affairs' or 'sexual adventures'. This same root also produces amicus, 'friend', and amicitia, 'friendship' ed on mutual advantage, and corresponding sometimes more closely to 'indebtedness' or 'influence'). Cicero wrote a treatise called On Friendship (de Amicitia) which discusses the notion at some length. Ovid wrote a guide to dating called Ars Amatoria (The Art of Lovers), which addresses in depth everything from extramarital affairs to overprotective parents.
Complicating the picture somewhat, Latin sometimes uses amare where English would simply say to like; this notion, however, is much more generally expressed in Latin by placere or delectare, which are used more colloquially, and the latter of which is used frequently in the love poetry of Catullus.
Diligere often has the notion 'to be affectionate for', 'to esteem', and rarely if ever is used of romantic love. This word would be appropriate to describe the friendship between two men. The corresponding noun diligentia, however, has the meaning 'diligence' 'carefulness' and has little semantic overlap with the verb.
Observare is a synonym for 'diligere'; despite the cognate with English, this verb and its corresponding noun 'observantia' often denote 'esteem' or 'affection'.
Caritas is used in Latin translations of the Christian Bible to mean 'charitable love'. This meaning, however, is not found in Classical pagan Roman literature. As it arises from a conflation with a Greek word, there is no corresponding verb.
[edit] Indonesian
In Indonesia, the word Cinta literally means love and describes the interpersonal feeling of affection. In everyday conversation, Cinta gives more romantic and dramatic value, but in some condition, cinta kasih can describe a general love and compassion. Kasih literally means giving, however, Kekasih (kasih with infix -ek-) means a lover. However, in everyday conversation, sayang is used more generally as an expression of romantic affection.
[edit] Filipino Concepts
In Filipino concepts love is expressed in a wide variety of terms. In Filipino culture, love is divided between purely personal and reciprocal variants. These terms are conveyed in the Tagalog, the most widely-spoken language in the Philippines beside English:
Ibig is used to imply a fond love, and is used in to convey desire in an affection. An example is: "Umibig si Ningning kay Buboy" (Ningning loves Buboy). It is a commonly used term in casual conversation of the topic. Yet in courtship or between couples, the term "Iniibig kita" - "I love you" is understood to be an intimate, romantic love.(Cebuano language: Gugma)
Mahal implies a highly valued affection. Its literal meaning is close to the English word "dear", in terms of expense, with an emphasis on that love being reciprocal. An example would be the phrase "Mahal kita" - "I love you". As well as being a main term for love between partners or in courtship, it is also the main term to express Platonic love. An example phrase is: "Mahalin mo ang iyong mga Magulang" (Love your parents.)
Giliw is used to term a "yearning intent love" harboured personally for someone, declared or undeclared. It has connotations of personal loneliness when the partner or person for whom such feelings are directed towards, is absent. Used in situations to prove or emphasize a persons affections for another. It is also used as an endearing address similar to the English word "baby".
Sinta is a confident reciprocal established romantic love between partners, where both partners consider an equally high affection for each other. Because sinta is an archaic term (equivalent linguistically to the Malay/Indonesian word Cinta, but differing in its exact connotation), it is considered malalim (deep) and poetic. Hence sinta is rarely used in everyday conversation, but may be used by couples in an address similar to the English terms "darling" or "dearest".
Pagnanais is used to convey a heavy desire with a main focus on the partner or courtee. It places focus on the actor achieving a higher stage of affection, such as sinta, with the object of affection. In contrast to the other terms, the linguistic element of pagnanais, which has its root in nais (to want), is a more grave wanting love. Because of the root word's meaning, it is avoided as a term in conversation when referring to affections, but its rather used for "wanting and liking" a certain object.
[edit] The Urdu Language
In the Urdu language (the official language of Pakistan) there are several different words for love. Used in specific contexts they display the diverse levels of intensity of love. “Ishq” is the word that is used for the most intense form of love. Ishq is divided into two categories; “Ishq-e-ilahi” is the love for God and “Ishq-e-Majazi” is the love for another human being. Ishq is defined as unconditional and undying love for the other. “Pyar” and “Mohabbat” are two other more commonly used words to define love.
[edit] See also
Human bonding
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Close relationships

Types of relationships
Boyfriend • Casual • Cohabitation • Concubinage • Courtesan • Domestic partnership • Family • Friendship • Girlfriend • Husband • Kinship • Marriage • Mistress (lover) • Monogamy • Non-monogamy • Pederasty • Polyamory • Polyfidelity • Polygamy • Romantic friendship • Same-sex relationship • Significant other • Soulmate • Widowhood • Wife
Major relationship events
Courtship • Bonding • Divorce • Relationship breakup • Romance • Separation • Wedding
Feelings and emotions
Affinity • Attachment • Compersion • Infatuation • Intimacy • Jealousy • Limerence • Love • Passion • Platonic love • Polyamory • Psychology of sexual monogamy
Human practices
Bride price (Dower • Dowry) • Hypergamy • Relationship abuse (Child abuse • Elder abuse • Spousal abuse) • Sexuality • Teen dating violence

v • d • e

Human bonding refers to the development of a close, interpersonal relationship between family members or friends.[1] Bonding is a mutual, interactive process, and is not the same as simple liking.
The term is from the 12th century, Middle English word band or band, which refers to something that binds, ties, or restrains. In early usage, a bondman, bondwoman, or bondservant was a feudal serf that was obligated to work for his or her lord without pay. In modern usage, a bondsman is a person who provides bonds or surety for someone.
Bonding typically refers to the process of attachment that develops between romantic partners, close friends, or parents and children. This bond is characterized by emotions such as affection and trust. Any two people that spend time together may form a bond.
Male bonding refers to the establishment of relationships between men through shared activities that often exclude females. The term female bonding is less frequently used, but refers to the formation of close personal relationships between women.[2]
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Early views
• 2 Pair bonding
o 2.1 Limerent bond
• 3 Parental bonding
o 3.1 Attachment
o 3.2 Maternal bonding
o 3.3 Paternal bonding
• 4 Human-animal bonding
• 5 Neurobiology
• 6 Weak ties
• 7 Debonding and loss
• 8 See also
• 9 References
• 10 Further reading
o 10.1 Books
o 10.2 Articles
• 11 External links
o 11.1 Relationships
o 11.2 Baby bonding
o 11.3 Adoption bonding
o 11.4 Human-animal bonding

[edit] Early views
In the 4th century BC, the Greek philosopher Plato argued that love directs the bonds of human society. In his Symposium, Eryximachus, one of the narrators in the dialog, states that love goes far beyond simple attraction to human beauty. He states that it occurs throughout the animal and plant kingdoms, as well as throughout the universe. Love directs everything that occurs, in the realm of the gods as well as that of humans (186a-b).
Eyrximachus reasons that when various opposing elements such as wet and dry are "animated by the proper species of Love, they are in harmony with one another... But when the sort of Love that is crude and impulsive controls the seasons, he brings death and destruction" (188a). Because it is love that guides the relations between these sets of opposites throughout existence, in every case it is the higher form of love that brings harmony and cleaves toward the good, whereas the impulsive vulgar love creates disharmony.
Plato concludes that the highest form of love is the greatest. When love "is directed, in temperance and justice, towards the good, whether in heaven or on earth: happiness and good fortune, the bonds of human society, concord with the gods above- all these are among his gifts" (188d).
In the 1660s, the Dutch philosopher Spinoza wrote, in his Ethics of Human Bondage or the Strength of the Emotions, that the term "bondage" relates to the human infirmity in moderating and checking the emotions. That is, according to Spinoza, "when a man is prey to his emotions, he is not his own master, but lies at the mercy of fortune."
In 1809 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, in his classic novella Elective Affinities, wrote of the "marriage tie," and by analogy shows how strong marriage unions are similar in character to that by which the particles of quicksilver find a unity together though the process of chemical affinity. Humans in passionate relationships, according to Goethe, are analogous to reactive substances in a chemical equation.
[edit] Pair bonding
Main article: Pair bond
The term, pair-bond originated in 1940 in reference to mated pairs of birds. It is a generic term signifying a monogamous or relatively monogamous relationship in either humans or animals. The term is commonly used in sociobiology and evolutionary psychology.[3] Pair-bonding, usually of a fairly short duration, occurs in a variety of primate species. Some scientists speculate that prolonged bonds developed in humans along with increased sharing of food.[4]
[edit] Limerent bond
Main article: Limerence
According to limerence theory, positioned in 1979 by psychologist Dorothy Tennov, a certain percentage of couples may go through what is called a limerent reaction, in which one or both of the pair may experience a state of passion mixed with continuous intrusive thinking, fear of rejection, and hope. Hence, with all human romantic relationships, one of three varieties of bonds may form, defined over a set duration of time, in relation to the experience or non-experience of limerence:
1. Affectional bond: define relationships in which neither partner is limerent.
2. Limerent-Nonlimerent bond: define relationships in which one partner is limerent.
3. Limerent-Limerent bond: define relationships in which both partners are limerent.
The constitution of these bonds may vary over the course of the relationship, in ways that may either increase or decrease the intensity of the limerence. The basis and interesting characteristic of this delineation made by Tennov, is that based on her research and interviews with over 500 people, all human bonded relationships can be divided into three varieties being defined by the amount of limerence or non-limerence each partner contributes to the relationship.

A mother breast feeding - a process that facilitates mother-infant bonding.
[edit] Parental bonding
[edit] Attachment
Main articles: Affectional bond and Attachment theory
In 1958, British developmental psychologist John Bowlby published the ground-breaking paper "the Nature of the Child's Tie to his Mother", in which the precursory concepts of "attachment theory" were developed. This included the development of the concept of the affectional bond, sometimes referred to as the emotional bond, which is based on the universal tendency for humans to attach, i.e. to seek closeness to another person and to feel secure when that person is present. Attachment theory has some of its origins in the observation of and experiments with animals, but is also based on observations of children who had missed typical experiences of adult care. Much of the early research on attachment in humans was done by John Bowlby and his associates. Bowlby proposed that babies have an inbuilt need from birth to make emotional attachments, i.e. bonds, because this increases the chances of survival by ensuring that they receive the care they need.[5][6][7]
[edit] Maternal bonding
Main article: Maternal bond
Of all human bonds, the maternal bond is considered to be one of the strongest. The maternal bond begins to develop during pregnancy; following pregnancy, the production of oxytocin during lactation increases parasympathetic activity, thus reducing anxiety and theoretically fostering bonding. It is generally understood that maternal oxytocin circulation can predispose some mammals to show caregiving behavior in response to young of their species.
Breastfeeding has been reported to foster the early post-partum maternal bond, via touch, response, and mutual gazing.[8] Extensive claims for the effect of breastfeeding were made in the 1930s by Margaret Ribble, a champion of "infant rights"[9], but were rejected on scientific grounds.[10] The claimed effect is not universal, and bottle-feeding mothers are generally appropriately concerned with their babies. It is difficult to determine the extent of causality due to a number of confounding variables, such as the varied reasons families choose different feeding methods. Many believe that early bonding ideally increases response and sensitivity to the child's needs, bolstering the quality of the mother-baby relationship – however, many exceptions can be found of highly successful mother-baby bonds, even though early breastfeeding did not occur, such as with premature infants who may lack the necessary sucking strength to successfully breastfeed.

Father playing with his young daughter - an activity that tends to strengthen the father-child bond.
[edit] Paternal bonding
Main article: Paternal bond
In contrast to the maternal bond, paternal bonds tend to vary greatly over the span of a child’s development in terms of both strength and stability. In fact, many children now grow up in fatherless households and do not experience a paternal bond at all. In general, paternal bonding is more dominant later in a child’s life after language develops. Fathers may be more influential in play-interactions as opposed to nurturance-interactions. Father-child bonds also tend to develop with respect to topics such as political views or money, whereas mother-child bonds tend to develop in relation to topics such as religious views or general outlooks on life.[11]
In 2003, researcher from Northwestern University in Illinois found that progesterone, a hormone more usually associated with pregnancy and maternal bonding, may also control the way men react towards their children. Specifically, they found that a lack of progesterone reduced aggressive behaviour in male mice and stimulated them to act in a fatherly way towards their offspring.[12]
[edit] Human-animal bonding
Main articles: Pet and Animal love

Human-animal bond human to animal contact is known to reduce the physiological characteristics of stress.
The human-animal bond can be defined as a connection between people and animals, domestic or wild; be it a cat as a pet or birds outside one’s window. Research into the nature and merit of the human animal bond began in the late 1700s when, in York, England, the Society of Friends established the The Retreat to provide humane treatment for the mentally ill. By having patients care for the many farm animals on the estate, society officials theorized that the combination of animal contact plus productive work would facilitate the patients’ rehabilitation. In the 1870s in Paris, a French surgeon had patients with neurological disorders ride horses. The patients were found to have improved their motor control and balance and were less likely to suffer bouts of depression.[13]
In the 19th century, in Bielefeld, Germany, epileptic patients were given the prescription to spend time each day taking care of cats and dogs. The contact with the animals was found to reduce the occurrence of seizures. In 1980, a team of scientists at the University of Pennsylvania found that human to animal contact was found to reduce the physiological characteristics of stress; specifically, lowered levels of blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, anxiety, and tension were all found to correlate positively with human pet bonding.[13]
Historically, animals were domesticated for functional use; for example, dogs for herding and tracking, and cats for killing mice or rats. Today, in Western societies, their function is primarily a bonding function. For example, current studies show that 60–80% of dogs sleep with their owners at night in the bedroom, either in or on the bed.[14] Moreover, in the past the majority of cats were kept outside (barn cats) whereas today most cats are kept indoors (housecats) and considered part of the family. Presently, in the US, for example, 1.2 billion animals are kept as pets, primarily for bonding purposes.[14] In addition, as of 1995 there were over 30 research institutions looking into the potential benefits of the human animal bond.[13]
[edit] Neurobiology
There is evidence in a variety of species that the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin are involved in the bonding process, and in other forms of prosocial and reproductive behavior. Both chemicals facilitate pair bonding and maternal behavior in experiments on laboratory animals. In humans, there is evidence that oxytocin and vasopressin are released during labor and breastfeeding, and that these events are associated with maternal bonding. According to one model, social isolation leads to stress, which is associated with activity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the release of cortisol. Positive social interaction is associated with increased oxytocin. This leads to bonding, which is also associated with higher levels of oxytocin and vasopressin, and reduced stress and stress-related hormones.[15]
Oxytocin is associated with higher levels of trust in laboratory studies on humans. It has been called the "cuddle chemical" for its role in facilitating trust and attachment.[16] In the reward centers of the limbic system, the neurotransmitter, dopamine may interact with oxytocin and further increase the likelihood of bonding. One team of researchers has argued that oxytocin only plays a secondary role in affiliation, and that endogenous opiates play the central role. According to this model, affiliation is a function of the brain systems underlying reward and memory formation.[17]
Because the vast majority of this research has been done on animals-- and the majority of that on rodents-- these findings must be taken with caution when applied to humans. One of the few studies that looked at the influence of hormones on human bonding compared participants who had recently fallen in love with a control group. There were no differences for most of the hormones measured, including LH, estradiol, progesterone, DHEAS, and androstenedione. Testosterone and FSH were lower in men who had recently fallen in love, and there was also a difference in blood cortisol for both sexes, with higher levels in the group that was in love. These differences disappeared after 12-28 months and may reflect the temporary stress and arousal of a new relationship.[18]
[edit] Weak ties
Main article: Interpersonal ties
In 1962, Mark Granovetter, a freshman history major at Harvard, became enamored with the concepts underlying the classic chemistry lecture in which "weak" hydrogen bonds hold huge water molecule together, which themselves are held together by "strong" covalent bonds. This model was the stimulus behind his famous 1973 paper The Strength of Weak Ties, which is now considered a classic paper in sociology.

Weak social bonds are believed to be responsible for the majority of the embeddedness and structure of social networks in society as well as the transmission of information through these networks. Specifically, more novel information flows to individuals through weak than through strong ties. Because our close friends tend to move in the same circles that we do, the information they receive overlaps considerably with what we already know. Acquaintances, by contrast, know people that we do not, and thus receive more novel information.[19]
[edit] Debonding and loss
In 1976, sociologist Diane Vaughan proposed an “uncoupling theory”, where, during the dynamics of relationship breakup, there exists "turning point", only noted in hindsight, followed by transition period in which one partner unconsciously knows the relationship is going to end, but holds on to it for an extended period, sometimes for a number of years.[20]
When a person to which one has become bonded is lost, a grief response may occur. Grief is the process of accepting the loss and adjusting to the changed situation. Grief may take longer than the initial development of the bond, typically one to two years for the loss of a marital partner. The grief process varies with culture.
[edit] See also

score card of mumbai india vs Chennai Super Kings

2009-04-18T07:22:00.000-07:00

Twenty20 match
Indian Premier League - 1st match
Chennai Super Kings v Mumbai Indians 2009 season

Played at Newlands, Cape Town (neutral venue), on 18 April 2009 (20-over match)

Mumbai Indians innings (20 overs maximum) R B 4s 6s SR
ST Jayasuriya c Hayden b Thushara 26 20 5 0 130.00
captain SR Tendulkar not out 59 49 7 0 120.40
S Dhawan c Dhoni b Gony 22 21 2 0 104.76
JP Duminy c & b Gony 9 7 1 0 128.57
DJ Bravo c Hayden b Joginder Sharma 5 4 1 0 125.00
AM Nayar c Thushara b Oram 35 14 2 3 250.00
Harbhajan Singh run out (Oram) 4 2 1 0 200.00
Z Khan c Ashwin b Flintoff 2 3 0 0 66.66
wicketkeeper PR Shah not out 0 0 0 0 -
Extras (b 1, lb 1, w 1) 3

Total (7 wickets; 20 overs) 165 (8.25 runs per over)

Did not bat SL Malinga, RR Raje

Fall of wickets1-39 (Jayasuriya, 5.5 ov), 2-82 (Dhawan, 11.4 ov), 3-95 (Duminy, 13.3 ov), 4-102 (Bravo, 14.3 ov), 5-148 (Nayar, 18.1 ov), 6-157 (Harbhajan Singh, 18.6 ov), 7-161 (Khan, 19.5 ov)

Bowling O M R W Econ
MS Gony 4 0 32 2 8.00 (1w)
T Thushara 4 0 32 1 8.00
A Flintoff 4 0 44 1 11.00
JDP Oram 4 0 30 1 7.50
Joginder Sharma 4 0 25 1 6.25

Chennai Super Kings innings (target: 166 runs from 20 overs) R B 4s 6s SR
wicketkeeper PA Patel c Tendulkar b Malinga 0 2 0 0 0.00
ML Hayden c Khan b Jayasuriya 44 35 6 1 125.71
SK Raina c Raje b Bravo 8 9 1 0 88.88
A Flintoff c & b Harbhajan Singh 24 23 2 1 104.34
captain MS Dhoni b Malinga 36 26 1 2 138.46
JDP Oram c wicketkeeperShah b Jayasuriya 8 6 0 1 133.33
S Badrinath c Bravo b Malinga 0 2 0 0 0.00
Joginder Sharma not out 16 15 0 1 106.66
T Thushara not out 0 1 0 0 0.00
Extras (lb 6, w 3) 9

Total (7 wickets; 19.5 overs) 145 (7.31 runs per over)

To bat MS Gony, R Ashwin

Fall of wickets1-0 (Patel, 0.2 ov), 2-18 (Raina, 2.5 ov), 3-70 (Flintoff, 9.5 ov), 4-89 (Hayden, 12.4 ov), 5-101 (Oram, 14.3 ov), 6-109 (Badrinath, 15.3 ov), 7-144 (Dhoni, 19.4 ov)

Bowling O M R W Econ
SL Malinga 3.5 0 14 3 3.65 (2w)
Z Khan 4 0 34 0 8.50
DJ Bravo 4 0 27 1 6.75 (1w)
RR Raje 1 0 15 0 15.00
Harbhajan Singh 3 0 15 1 5.00
ST Jayasuriya 4 0 34 2 8.50

Toss Chennai Super Kings, who chose to field first

Player of the match tba

Umpires BR Doctrove (West Indies) and K Hariharan (India)
TV umpire RB Tiffin (Zimbabwe)
Match referee GR Viswanath (India)
Reserve umpire EC Hendrikse

Tours and tournaments

2009-04-18T07:20:00.000-07:00

Tours and tournaments

Current cricket

Current | Future | Recent

International tours
Australia in South Africa
Pakistan v Australia
West Indies in England

Other Cricket
ICC World Cup Qualifiers in South Africa
India Under-19s in Australia
Indian Premier League

Domestic cricket
England domestic season

Tours and tournaments taking place soon

Future series/tournaments

International tours
Australia in England - The Ashes 2009 - May - September 2009
India in West Indies, June - July 2009
England in South Africa, November 2009 - January 2010

International tournaments
ICC World Twenty20, June 2009

Other Cricket
Bangladesh Under-19s in England, July 2009

Women's cricket
ICC Women's World Twenty20, June 2009
Australia Women in England, June - July 2009

Four qualifiers for ICC Cricket World Cup 2011 finalised

2009-04-18T07:07:00.000-07:00

Four qualifiers for ICC Cricket World Cup 2011 finalised
ICC Media Release
Friday, April 17, 2009 9:55:29 PM

The four teams that will join the 10 Full Members in the ICC Cricket World Cup 2011 were finalised today with Ireland, Canada, the Netherlands and Kenya booking their places.

Having already done enough to qualify on Wednesday, it mattered little to Ireland that it went down to Kenya by six wickets at LC de Villiers Oval but that win secured Steve Tikolo’s team its place in the big event.

Meanwhile, Netherlands beat Canada at WITS University to draw level with the North Americans and Kenya but Jeroen Smits and his men stay in fourth place once the net run-rate is taken into account leaving Canada to contest Sunday’s final with Ireland.

Defending champion Scotland, which has underperformed most of the way through this event, managed to cling on to its ODI status for another four years at least by beating the United Arab Emirates at Benoni, thus finishing in fifth position and consigning the UAE to seventh spot.

Afghanistan continues its amazing story by beating eighth-place Namibia at Krugersdorp and so ending the tournament in sixth position and gaining ODI status until 2013 at least.

Ireland all-rounder Andrew White said: “That’s part of the job done for us. The initial goal for us was to get through to the World Cup but having done so well since the last World Cup our overall goal was to try and win the tournament. So we still have to do that.

“We believe we are the best Associate team around but in order to prove that again we need to win this tournament. So although we have qualified for the World Cup, to an extent it’s still job not finished. It’s important, for our own well being, that we prove we are the best Associate in all formats.

“We have played consistently throughout the tournament and we’ll back ourselves to go out and put in another good performance in the final and hopefully that will be good enough on the day.”

Up against Ireland will be a Canada side that has played well throughout most of this 19-day tournament so far, even without talisman John Davison, who suffered an injury half-way through. Captain Ashish Bagai says although it has been a tiring few weeks, his boys are ready for one more challenge.

“It has been a good effort by everyone in the squad. We have played pretty consistently and I am really looking forward to the final now. We are delighted to have qualified for the World Cup but we want to win this trophy.

“It has been a long tour for us and everyone is tired but we will keep it going for one more game and we will get a good rest after that. Then, once we have recovered, we will set out our plan for the World Cup 2011 so that we prepare as well as possible and come into that tournament playing as good cricket as we possibly can,” said Bagai.

Kenya skipper Steve Tikolo, who has played in four World Cups, said afterwards that he would not be around for a fifth.

“My legs are going now and I’m getting a little too slow. I think it’s time to let the youngsters come through,” said 37-year-old Tikolo, who has been the heart of the Kenya team for the best part of 15 years.

“I will probably play until the end of this season but I will not be around for the next World Cup. There is plenty of young talent coming through in Kenya so I think the time is right for me to step away.

“I am very happy we qualified – that was our main goal coming here so that is good enough for me. I think we outplayed Ireland today. The guys came to the ground today very determined and we wanted it badly so that was encouraging, especially considering our poor performance against Namibia two days ago.”

Netherlands captain Jeroen Smits, whose side easily overcame Canada in WITS, was clearly delighted with his team’s fourth-place finish.

“I’m feeling very happy and excited that we are through to another World Cup,” said Smits.

“We played in 2003, 2007 and now we have made it to another one. I think we deserve to be there. We had a few hiccups along the way but basically our batting lineup has been solid through the tournament and we have a good mix of youth and experience. It all came together nicely today and we showed just how well we can play.”

For Afghanistan coach Kabir Khan, the fact his team now has ODI status is a big boost to cricket in his country.

“When we came into the Super Eight we weren’t in a very good position to qualify, but the way the boys played showed how much courage and talent they have got winning some much tougher matches… I am sure we will play in a World Cup one day.

“My first goal when we came into this tournament was to get into the Super Eight as we didn’t want to be relegated. I thought it would be very hard to make the World Cup, playing against so many top sides in this qualifier, but finishing in the top six is an excellent result for us.

“It will help develop the cricketing culture in Afghanistan and there will be more cricket and we will have the opportunity to play four-day cricket (in the ICC Intercontinental Cup).We are not going home empty-handed from the tournament – we have managed to achieve our ODI status.

“I think four-day cricket brings out the true cricketer in everybody as in one-day cricket players may play bad shots against you chasing runs, but in four-day cricket you have to get the batsman out with your own qualities and skills.

“We will also benefit from the support from the ICC in preparing for these competitions. Our team is also very good in the short-form of the game and in Twenty20 they will be challenging a lot of the big teams. All their life in Afghanistan they have played 20 or 25-over cricket, so their games are well suited to this,” said Kabir.

pgecet2009

2009-04-13T07:58:00.002-07:00

Welcome to PGECET-2009.

A.P. State Council of Higher Education, Government of A.P., has entrusted the responsibility of conducting PGECET-2009 to Osmania University for the academic year 2009-10. Accordingly, Osmania University has nominated Prof. RAMESHWAR RAO, Department of ECE, University College of Engineering, Osmania University as Convener, PGECET-2009 and Vice-Chancellor, Osmania University Prof.T.TIRUPATI RAO as Chairman, PGECET-2009.

In terms of orders issued by the Government of Andhra Pradesh and the Proceedings by A.P. State Council of Higher Education, Hyderabad, applications are invited for appearing at the Post-Graduate Engineering Common Entrance Test (PGECET) for admission into Ist year M.E./M.Tech./M.Pharm./M.Arch./M.Plg. Degree Course for the academic year 2009-2010 in the all Universities in A.P and their affiliated colleges offering M.E./M.Tech./M.Pharm./M.Arch./M.Plg. Programme.

Sale of Application Form :

Applications are available at the following places and can be obtained by paying Rs. 500/- for others and Rs. 250/-(Rupees Two hundred and fifty only) for SC/ST. through D.D. drawn on any Nationalized Bank in favour of Secretary, APSCHE payable at Hyderabad on or before 30th April 2009. However application can also be sent with a) a late of Rs. 500/- up to 7th May, 2009. b) a late fee of Rs.2500 up to 14th May 2009.

i.) IDC, Behind University College of Engineering Library OUCOE (A), Osmania University, Hyderabad.
ii.) Office of the Director, Admissions, JNTU, Kukatpally, Hyderabad.
iii.) Office of the Principal, AU College of Engineering,Visakhapatnam.
iv.) Office of the Principal, SV University College of Engineering, Tirupathi
v.) Office of the Director, PG Admissions, Kakatiya University, Warangal
vi.) Office of the Principal, Siddartha Engineering College, Vijayawada.

The Candidates are advised to submit the duly filled in Application Form for Entrance Test by Speed Post through the Head Post Offices or delivered in person at the Office of The Convener, PGECET -2009, Department of E.C.E, University College of Engineering, Osmania University, Hyderabad- 500 007 ( A.P) on or before stipulated date.

Application Form Submission :

Application Form can be submitted as follows:

1. Duly filled in application forms and ICR forms obtained by paying application fee along with attested copies of certificates can be sent to the Convener.

OR

2. Application forms can be submitted ONLINE (please see ONLINE submission)

Important Dates:

Important Dates Dates

Commencement of Sale of Application Form 09-04-2009

Last Date for Sale & Receipt of Application Form

a) Without Late Fee 30-04-2009 by 5:00pm
b) With Late Fee of Rs.500/- 07-05-2009 by 5:00pm
c) With Late Fee of Rs. 2500/- 14-05-2009 by 5:00pm

Date of Entrance Test 26-05-2009 to 02-06-2009

Contact Persons:

Prof. RAMESHWAR RAO,
Convener, PGECET- 2009,
University College of Engineering (A),
Osmania University,
Hyderabad - 500007. (AP).
Phone :040 - 69996715
:040 - 32444715
Email : pgecet2009@osmania.ac.in

copy paste this link u can get online application and online fill up forms and site of pgecet2009

http://www.pgecet2009.net/PDFS/OnlineApplication.PDF

http://www.pgecet2009.net/test.aspx

http://www.pgecet2009.net/#top

2009-04-13T07:58:00.001-07:00

jayaprakash narayana speech

2009-04-13T07:10:00.001-07:00

Monday, March 17, 2008
Lok Satta Party Launching 'Surajya' Movement

The Lok Satta Party is spearheading a citizens' movement for Surajya beginning from Andhra Pradesh on March 23, 2008 (77th death anniversary of Shaheed Bhagat Singh).

Announcing this here today, Lok Satta Party President Dr. Jayaprakash Narayan (Dr. JP) said that while the Swaraj movement sought freedom from colonial rule, Surajya movement aims to free citizens from the chains of corrupt and distorted rule. While Swaraj movement achieved its objectives through non-violence and non-cooperation, Surajya movement will be based on the power of the vote.

Dr. JP said the Swaraj movement has yielded us self-governance and since independence, significant progress has undoubtedly been made across several fields. "However, the present political and governance culture has reduced this hard-earned Swaraj to Swaha-raj where public good has become merely incidental to the fulfillment of vested interests of a distorted political culture."

Dr. JP said that the nation today faced several critical challenges. They include:

*
Eliminating the pervasive and monumental corruption from our society and replacing the notoriously kleptocratic governance culture with a truly citizen-centric one
*
Establishing a political culture that is free from criminals and political dynasties
*
Ensuring equitable access to quality education, healthcare, and employment opportunities to every citizen irrespective of his or her position at birth
*
Eliminating societal discrimination based on caste and creed, and providing genuine opportunities for vertical growth to all sections of society
*
Ensuring true devolution of power to local governments, and empowerment of citizens
*
Ensuring access to speedy and affordable justice to all sections of society and restoring the rule of law

Dr. JP said: "There is a pressing need to build a credible, just, and equitable society that provides dignity, justice, and opportunities for all."

A number of renowned social activists, including Magasasy Award winners, are taking part in the Surajya movement. They include:

:: Anna Hazare
:: Ramesh Raamanathan (Janagraha)
:: Madhu Kishwar (Editor, Manushi)
:: Desikan (Catalyst Trust)
:: Sandeep Pandey
:: M. V. Devasahayam
:: T. N. Seshan
:: Shiv Khera
:: Julius Rebero
:: Arvind Khejriwal

posted by JP at 11:54 AM | 1 comments
Friday, March 14, 2008
Dr. JP Calls Upon the Brightest to Enter Politics

Lok Satta Party President Dr. Jayaprakash Narayan (Dr. JP) has underlined the need for ensuring that the best of people enter politics since never before in India’s history the opportunities for resolving people’s problems are as many as they are today. “There are no problems, which are really intractable any longer, except old age and death, and perhaps taxes. In fact, most problems are amenable to simple, practical solutions, if only we leverage our strengths”.

Paraphrasing Charles Dickens, Dr. JP has said it is the best of times since we have the means and technology at our disposal to resolve people’s problems and it is the worst of times since we do not have many people who enter public office with competence, commitment, and integrity and with a passion for public service.

Addressing a gathering of software professionals and others on ‘Leadership in 21st Century India – Opportunities and Challenges’, Dr. JP today bemoaned that the conditions in India are so rotten that an eminent person like Dr. Manmohan Singh, roundly defeated in the 1999 Lok Sabha elections, had to go to distant Assam to become a Member of the Rajya Sabha by a false declaration of residence.

Dr. JP said: “We, as a society, have enormous strengths. But as a society, building, nurturing, and developing leadership is certainly not one of them”.

Dr. JP said large sections of people feel that everybody in government -- politicians, bureaucrats, judges -- is a scoundrel -- and generalize that all rotten people in the country go into politics and all good people stay back. “Shunning politics and public office with such notions is, however, unwarranted and irrational. There are some very fine people in government just as there are very fine people in other walks of life. It is, therefore, absurd to conclude that scoundrels enter government and saints stay away”.

“Politics is perhaps the noblest of all endeavors because it is about reconciling the limited resources with unlimited wants, and reconciling seemingly irreconcilable conflicts among various groups in society, particularly in a very diverse and complex society. Without governments many things that are vital cannot be done.

“But unfortunately, politics has become the playfield of people who do not deserve to be there. Some are there because of their pedigree while many are there because of their money power or caste or muscle power. Strange circumstances catapult some others into high office.
“Such leaders rule the roost not because Indian people are stupid or irrational but because the problem is systemic. In the past 25 or 30 years, we have created disincentives for the right kind of people, and huge incentives for the wrong kind people, to enter politics”.

Dr. JP pointed out that there are answers to most problems. “Leadership is about identifying those answers, leveraging our strengths, and dramatically transforming the situation in the shortest possible time”. Dr. JP added that great changes in history all over the world had been wrought only when middle classes, the elite and the media joined hands, built appropriate platforms and launched concerted movements. “Do not expect the masses to be at the forefront of historical changes.”
.
Dr. JP specifically dwelt on certain sectors, which call for transformational leadership.

Electoral system: While most of the countries, including Britain, are giving up “first-past-the-post” electoral system, we stick to it validating Macaulay’s observation, “Indians are the last living Englishmen”. It is time we switched to proportional representation.

Healthcare: We have one of the most disgraceful systems where public health expenditure is 17% and out of pocket expenditure, mostly by the poor, 83%. We rank with Cambodia, Burma, Afghanistan, and the Republic of Georgia all of which are at the nadir. We can introduce National Health Service as in Britain to provide access to quality health care to every citizen. In China, doctors in hospitals are paid their salaries from a county-level health fund. The people have the choice of going to any one of the 20 or 30 hospitals in the county. You have to attract patients and provide services to earn your salary. Money follows the patient.

Education: The failure of higher education has now hurt school education very badly. We have people with degrees like B.Ed’s and M.Ed’s but they cannot teach. Although we have one or two per cent of degree holders who are a match to the best in the world, the average university degree holder does not hold a candle to an average graduate in most of the civilized countries. We allowed this decline because of lack of leadership. We choose vice-chancellors based on their caste or region.

Dr. JP concluded by saying that we have to build incentives and institutions to change people’s attitudes. “Leadership is about creating institutions, identifying solutions institutionally and finding those things that work in the circumstances in which we are placed. We are not doing too badly despite all these impediments. But we can do much more.”

###

Suggested Box Items:

Why there is a demand for criminals

Lok Satta Party President Dr. Jayaprakash Narayan said today there is a market demand for criminals in our society because justice is so inaccessible. "People have to create criminals to get rough and ready justice through devious means. Or else, they have to swallow injustice and suffer silently".

Addressing a gathering of IT professionals, Dr. JP said, "Criminals are legitimized and seen as Robin hoods by many because they render privatized justice. For a price, of course. And from there, they graduate into politics."

Dr. JP said: "Our judiciary is in shambles. We are all being very polite, partly because we do not want to destroy the one remaining institution with some semblance of authority and credibility and partly because we are afraid of the contempt of court law. But the reality is, the judiciary is as appalling as other institutions of the State".

Dr. JP said: "Nobody in India dares to go to a court of law unless one wants to stall some decision by way of a stay order or to harass someone. If you have the misfortune of going to a civil court and if you have the good fortune of getting a verdict delivered during your lifetime, you must be lucky, goes the folklore in Andhra Pradesh. If you lose the case, you lament in public and if you win the case, you cry in private. It is a tragedy for both."

Dr. JP said that building a quality justice system, accessible to ordinary people costs Rs.500 to 600 crore a year. "Such a system is necessary for small cases because it fosters a culture of law, a rule of law".

The three unwholesome traits

Dr. Jayaprakash Narayan in his address to IT professionals dwelt on three peculiar traits of Indians, which need to be corrected. The first is that we have no sense of equality. We accept inequality by birth as a natural condition of human life. There is no moral outrage at this inequality. It is not an issue of morality. We cannot live in a modern democracy, in a market society, without respecting labor, and human beings for what they are.

The second is lack of trust. Trust is required in dealing with people and across groups. It is there inn a caste or religious group. In a profession, it is there as a trade union. But across groups, it breaks down. We cannot afford that because it ultimately undermines all of us. We require leadership to build bridges and institutions for trust.

Finally, we lack a sense of common fate. Nothing can be better illustrated than by our practice of keeping our homes clean and dumping the rubbish on the road. What you give comes back. There is no choice and that is why we have spotlessly clean homes and filthy streets. We fail to recognize that injustice anywhere will affect us in some form or the other everywhere. There is no escape from that.

posted by JP at 11:25 AM | 0 comments
Sunday, March 09, 2008
Dr. JP Meets his Orkut Friends

Orkut is a social networking site popular amongst youth in India. Youth discovered it is a great way of being connected. One can find long lost friends, stay connected with current friends, and make new friends. One can create communities of their own on any topic of their liking or join existing ones.

Many communities have been created by earnest Orkutters on political topics. The communities have become hotbeds for emerging trends in political thought amongst Indian youth. Youth discuss here wide-ranging political ideas and thoughts. Youth discuss the state of the existing political culture and the need for a change and how we can bring about the change. They discuss the pressing need to combat the menace of corruption in our governance and politics.

Dr. Jayaprakash Narayan and Lok Satta Party are popular among young Orkutters. There are more than 110 communities in Orkut dedicated to Lok Satta Party and Dr. JP. Thousands of youth are members of these communities.

They drum up support for Lok Satta Party and discuss the importance of ensuring to all equal opportunities for growth and ending any discrimination based on birth. They discuss the novel measures introduced by Lok Satta Party that stand testimonial to the party’s commitment to transparency and democracy. Many earnest, erudite youth desiring change participate in these discussions. They have been advocating the need for a New Political Culture in the cyber world.

LSP provided the virtual world Lok Satta Party activists a chance to get involved in the activities of LSP in real.

Dr. JP met his Orkut friends at the party head office at 1:30 pm on Sunday, 9th March and had an interaction with them. There was a lively discussion on the current political scenario in Andhra Pradesh. Dr. JP emphasized the need for youth to take an active part in politics. The youth expressed their support to Lok Satta Party and wished to participate in its activities.

The active members of the party then guided them on how they can get involved in the activities of LSP in their locality.

The meet concluded with the youth taking a pledge for a corruption-free, developed India.

posted by JP at 10:47 AM | 1 comments
Friday, February 29, 2008
Short-Term Sops Won’t Resolve Farm Sector Crisis: Dr. JP

Lok Satta Party President Dr. Jayaprakash Narayan today pointed out that bank loan waiver for small and marginal farmers and one-time settlement for other farmers will provide only temporal relief to a small section of farmers. An overwhelming majority of farmers are outside the institutional framework and borrow from private moneylenders. The waiver is also iniquitous in that it rewards only defaulters and lets down borrowers who have repaid their loans.

Reacting to the Union budget, Dr. JP recalled that farmers continue to commit suicide although Governments have written off farmers’ loans off and on. Instead, the Government could have constituted a Rs.100,000-crore agricultural fund to resolve farmers’ problems once and for all by taking steps for increasing productivity and ensuring remunerative prices. “We need to ensure credit to every farmer, small trader and labourer, improve marketing infrastructure, provide direct access to consumer, and add value to agricultural produce. A one-time loan waiver will temporarily improve banks’ balance sheets, but the plight of farmers and rural poor will remain unchanged. There is a real danger of rural credit system getting paralysed as it happened in 1990s. The loan waiver, decided upon with an eye on elections, provides temporary relief for a microscopic section of farmers at the cost of long-term gains.”

Dr. JP said that the central allocations to both education and health constitute 0.7% and 0.3% of the GDP in a country with a billion-plus population. Promotion of corporate hospitals and private educational institutions will not scratch even the surface of the crisis in the education and health sectors. The Government ought to have made free and quality education and healthcare as the fundamental rights of the people. Although many small schemes have been announced to benefit women, minorities and disadvantaged sections, the allocations are meager. Instead of squandering away precious resources on hundreds of schemes that have potential for large-scale leakages, the Government could have come up with a single social welfare scheme to make a direct attack on poverty.

Dr. JP, however, welcomed the raising of income tax exemption limits and reshuffling of the tax slabs. This will pass more money into the pockets of middle classes and salaried employees. The Government should also be complimented for meeting fiscal management targets.

However, there are signs of growth slackening in recent months. Infrastructure bottlenecks remain, and our cities are getting paralysed. An all-out effort is needed to improve roads, coal and power sectors and urban infrastructure. A massive effort to provide education of good quality for 12 years to all children, and free and quality healthcare to all are vital to enhance productivity, sustain growth and reduce poverty. Rule of law and elimination of corruption are vital for high growth. None of these problems has been seriously addressed in the budget. Dr. JP appealed to all sections to find ways of confronting these growing challenges before economic growth slackens and the promise of a bright future gives way to despair.

posted by JP at 5:48 PM | 0 comments
Sunday, February 24, 2008
India Faces Threat of Falling Apart If Issues are Not Addressed: Dr. JP

India faces the threat of balkanization unless systemic changes are carried out to provide political space to every group, said Lok Satta Party President Dr. Jayaprakash Narayan here today. “Mere protestations of ‘Mera Bharat Mahan’, without addressing the basic fissures, will not rescue India from falling apart”, he added.

Addressing a “One India – One People” forum organized by the Lok Satta Party in the context of attacks against non-Marathis in Mumbai and other places in Maharashtra, Dr. JP pointed that political India has already been decimated since national parties, elbowed out of most of the States, are forced to join hands with regional parties. The first-past-the-post electoral system enables parties based on region and religion, language and caste to whip up narrow sentiments and ride to power. The so-called national verdict is nothing but an aggregation of State verdicts. Widespread illiteracy and universal adult franchise are an explosive combination ,which narrow-minded parties are shrewdly exploiting.

Dr. JP identified caste-based reservations as another issue that is tearing part the country. Instead of dissipating the anger of neglected sections through innovative solutions, political parties merely stoked the flames in pursuance of their vote bank politics. He feared the break-out of a conflagration in the hinterland of New Delhi where Gujjars and Meenas are fighting each other over reservations.

Dr. JP clarified that reservations are indeed necessary for sections neglected for centuries as an interim measure. They, however, do not provide a permanent solution. That, however, does not mean that the son of a Collector or the daughter of a Minister too should enjoy reservations simply based on their caste. A solution lies in ensuring that every one born in this country irrespective of his caste or religion has a right to free and quality education for 12 years and every one, willing and eligible, is enabled to purse higher education at Government cost.

The economically backward, who are not eligible for reservations in jobs and education can be given a weightage of say 10 per cent marks in the qualifying examinations considering their income and rural upbringing. Politicians, instead of forging such win-win situations, are deliberately and crudely provoking anger and hatred among sections of people.

On the recent developments in Maharashtra, Bihar and West Bengal where some politicians have tried to fan parochial feelings, Dr. JP said that the sons of the soil thesis should be dismissed categorically if India were to remain one. The right of every Indian citizen to pursue education or employment or business or profession or simply anywhere in the country is non-negotiable. Every Indian should condemn parochial tendencies, recalling Martin Luther King’s quote, “The silence of good men is more dangerous than the brutality of bad men”.

posted by JP at 4:45 PM | 1 comments
Friday, February 22, 2008
No Attempt to Arrest Leakages: Dr. JP on Budget

Hyderabad, Feb.15 - Mrs. D. Saroja, Mahila Satta Secretary, pointed out in a statement that liquor sales would shoot up to Rs.25000 crore in the coming financial year, if the Budget presented to the State Legislature is any indication. The Budget provided for an increase in excise revenue by Rs.866 crore during 2008-09. The Government would be earning Rs.11000 crore by way of excise and sales tax on liquor sales against Rs.8000 crore now.

Dr. JP said today that mere allocation of funds without a radical restructuring of systems was a futile exercise. There has been no substantial decline in poverty over the past two decades despite huge budgetary allocations. On the contrary, there has been an increase in the incidence of distress among vulnerable sections of the population.

Referring to the proposal to supply rice at Rs.2 a kg, he pointed out that going by the number of white cards already issued, the number of the poor exceeded the State’s population. On top of it, the Government now proposed to issue more and more white cards. On construction of houses for the poor, Dr. JP said the scheme was commendable but the Government turned a Nelson’s eye to the huge irregularities. Everybody knew about corruption in the execution of irrigation schemes but there was no word in the budget about curbing it.

Dr. JP said that the budget “does not address critical problems in education and health care or in tackling unemployment or making agriculture remunerative. For instance, Borabanda locality in Hyderabad with a population of over 10000 does not have a single Government school as a result of which even the poor are forced to send their children to costly private schools. Reposing its faith in ‘Aarogyasri’, which caters to a miniscule of people needing surgeries, the Government continues to neglect the public health sector. The Government fails to address the problem of the unemployed. Even if all the special economic zones materialize, they provide jobs only to less than 3 lakhs of people whereas there are 15 lakhs of educated unemployed. There is no attempt at making them employable by imparting the requisite skills or making farming remunerative with provision of credit, extension work and value addition. The so-called debt relief benefited only one-third of the farming community covered by official channels of credit while the remainder, dependent on private moneylenders, are pushed deeper into debt.

Dr. JP said that extension of quality education and health care free of cost to one and all, imparting of skills to the jobless and ensuring higher incomes to farmers alone will eradicate poverty.

Dr. JP complimented Finance Minister K. Rosaiah for abiding by the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act targets and for extending scholarships and fee reimbursement to all backward class students on par with those of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

However, the huge debt burden of the State exceeding over Rs.100,000 crore exposed a serious structural problem. Most of the revenue the State realized on sale of Government lands and liquor went towards the repayment of loans along with interest.

posted by JP at 4:28 PM | 0 comments
Saturday, February 02, 2008
Dr. JP Calls for Greater Participation of Women in Politics

Women should look at politics as a means of achieving self-respect and self-reliance for themselves as well as the people at large said Dr. Jayaprakash Narayan. He spoke at the self-employment training programme organized by Mahila Satta, the women wing of Lok Satta Party at the party State office. Representatives from Mahoobnagar Ideal Women’s Association provided training to women in making chocolate, surf, pain balm, liquid soap, shampoo. The women who acquired training will in turn train other women in their localities.

He said women should not get disheartened with the immediate problems they grapple with, but step forward with confidence and take an active part in politics. He said moving away of women from politics because it has got corrupt and criminalized will only aggravate the problem.

Dr. JP explained the women present the importance of their participation in local governance proposed by Lok Satta Party at the ward and district levels. He said women have developed an aversion to politics because bandhs, rastarokos, slander, and fighting have become an indispensable part of the prevailing political culture. He said the life of the common man will deteriorate further if the political culture remains the same. He said Lok Satta Party came into being to usher in a New Political Culture.

He said instead of becoming a private affair of a few as with other political parties, provisions have been made to enable genuine people’s participation in Lok Satta Party. He said LSP is built to be the property of the people and steps are taken to not cause any inconvenience to people during party events and maintain dignity even while criticizing someone. He said in a democracy the common man is king. He said empowering local governments and providing quality education, effective healthcare, and employment opportunities to all constitute the main agenda of LSP.

He said Lok Satta Party has reserved space for women in the organizational structure and party tickets like no other party has. He exhorted women to utilize this opportunity. He said greater women’s participation will expedite the process of ushering in the New Political culture.

He said setting up division-level governments to take governance to the door step of citizens ranks high on the agenda of Lok Satta Party for the coming GHMC elections and greater women’s participation in local governance will ensure 100% results. He exhorted the women who undertook training to in turn train women in their localities and help them stand on their own feet.

Mahila Satta State general secretary, Ms. D. Saroja, treasurer Ms. D. Manorama and Dr. Shoib, Mrs. K. Geetamurthy, Ms. Rama Devi, Ms. Subhashini, Ms. Gajanani, Ms. Umabala, Mudhosid, and Ms. Fatima have participated in the programme.

jayaprakash speech

2009-04-13T07:10:00.000-07:00

pgecet2009 osmania notisfication

2009-04-13T06:45:00.000-07:00

Post-graduate Engineering Common Entrance Test (PGECET) 2009 for admission into M.E./M.Tech./M.Pharm./M.Arch./M.Plg. Courses in the University and Affiliated Engineering Colleges in Andhra Pradesh.

Applications are invited for appearing at the Post-graduate Engineering Common Entrance Test (PGECET) for admission into M.E. /M.Tech./M.Pharm./M.Arch/M.Plg. (Full Time) in University and Affiliated Engineering Colleges in A.P. to be conducted by Osmania University as per G.O.Ms.No.54 (EC-2) dated:21-6-2007 of Higher Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh.

Eligibility Criteria

Candidates satisfying the following requirements will be eligible to appear for the PGECET – 2009.

i) The candidate should be of Indian Nationality.
ii) The candidate should satisfy Local/Non-Local status requirement as laid down in A.P. Educational Institutions (Regulation of Admission) order of 1974 as subsequently amended.
iii) The candidate should have passed or appeared for the final year of B.E./B.Tech/AMIE/B.Pharmacy/B.Arch./B.Planning or equivalent examination for seeking admission into post-graduate courses and its specialization. Specialization under Category-I, II, III (See the Annexure A & B in the information booklet).
iv) Eligibility requirement is as per each programme/course offered and details are given information booklet which is available along with application form or in website: www.osmania.ac.in and www.pgecet2009.net.

Mere qualifying in the entrance test does not entitle a candidate to have been admitted in to PG Engineering course unless the candidate satisfies all the eligibility conditions of admission stipulated by the authority concerned.

NOTE:

1. The vacant seats if any after admitting GATE qualified candidates will be filled with the candidates based on the Rank secured in the PGECET – 2009.
2. Separate notification will be issued shortly for admission to PG courses in Engineering for GATE Qualified candidates. However, such candidates may also appear for PGECET in case they wish to seek admission in other interested specializations.

IMPORTANT DATES

• Commencement of sale of application forms : 09-04-2009 (Thursday)
• Last date for the sale & receipt of application forms:

a) without late fee : 30-04-2009 (Thursday)
b) with a late fee of Rs.500/- through D.D. : 07-05-2009 (Thursday)
c) with a late fee of Rs.2500/- through DD : 14-05-2009 (Thursday)
Date of Entrance Test : 26-05-2009 (Tuesday) to 02-06-2009 (Tuesday)
(Schedule is given in the : From 9:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. &
Information Booklet) 2:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m.

SALE OF APPLICATION FORMS

Prescribed application form for the entrance test together with instructions booklet can be obtained in person through D.D. drawn on any nationalized bank in favour of Secretary, APSCHE, Hyderabad for Rs.500/- (Rs.250/- in case of SC/ST students) at the following centers:

i) IDC, Behind University College of Engineering Library, UCOE(A) Campus, Osmania University, Hyderabad
ii) Office of the Director, Admissions, JNTU, Kukatpally, Hyderabad
iii) Office of the Principal, AU College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam
iv) Office of the Principal, SV University College of Engineering, Tirupathi
v) Office of the Director, PG Admission, Kakatiya University, Warangal
vi) Office of the Principal, Siddartha Engineering College, Vijayawada

SUBMISSION OF APPLICATION FORMS

Duly filled-in-application forms may be submitted along with relevant documents by Speed Post/Courier to the Convener, PGECET-2009, University College of Engineering (Autonomous) Campus, Osmania University, Hyderabad – 500 007, India on or before 30-04-2009 (Thursday) up to 5:00 p.m. The application forms may also be submitted (a) on or before 07-05-2009 (Thursday) up to 5:00 p.m. along with a late fee of Rs.500/- (b) on or before 14-05-2009 (Thursday) with a late fee of Rs.2500/- in the form of DD drawn on any nationalized bank in favour of “The Secretary, APSCHE” payable at Hyderabad. Incomplete application forms and application forms received after the specified date and time will summarily be rejected.

SUBMISSION OF APPLICATION ONLINE

Applications can also be submitted online. However, a copy of the downloaded application form along with duly attested passport size photograph and D.D. for Rs.500/- (Rs.250/- in case of SC/ST) drawn in favour of “The Secretary, APSCHE” payable at Hyderabad is to be sent to “The Convener, PGECET-2009”. For further details visit www.pgecet2009.net (or) www.osmania.ac.in
Sd/-
Place: Hyderabad (Prof. Rameshwar Rao)
Date: 07-04-2009 Convener, PGECET - 2009

reincarnation4

2009-04-11T13:05:00.000-07:00

Lincoln had numerous CLOSE BRUSHES with DEATH throughout his life. When he was 7 years old, he fell into a stream and ALMOST DROWNED. Unable to swim, Lincoln was "almost dead" when his childhood friend pulled him out of the water with a stick. When he was 10 years old, he was KICKED IN THE HEAD by a horse and "apparently killed for a time" according to Lincoln. In July 1864, Confederate troops FIRED SHOTS at HIM while he was visiting Fort Stevens. The man standing next to Lincoln was wounded. In August 1864, while riding a horse one evening alone, a "disloyal bushwhacker" FIRED A SHOT at Lincoln from around 50 yards away knocking his hat off. A bullet hole was later found in it. On March 17, 1865, John Wilkes Booth learned that Lincoln would be attending a play near the Soldier's Home. Booth assembled his team on a stretch of road near the Soldier's Home in an ATTEMPT TO KIDNAP him but Lincoln never showed up. The President had changed his plans at the last moment and attended a reception at the National Hotel in Washington where Booth was staying at the time.

Did a "LINCOLN CURSE" exist? Author Michael Williams makes the case for it in his book called "Stranger Than Fiction: THE LINCOLN CURSE." The true mystery of how four American presidents were assassinated and each time a member of the Lincoln family was present.

The FAMOUS ASTROLOGER, Dr. Luke Broughton, PREDICTED the DEATH of the PRESIDENT in a magazine article in 1864 using the infamous 20-year astrological cycle.

Lincoln was the FIRST U.S. PRESIDENT to be assassinated under the infamous 20-YEAR PRESIDENTIAL DEATH CYCLE which ran for 120 years, beginning in 1840 and ending in 1960.

Spiritualist PSYCHIC Nettie Colburn Maynard WARNED Lincoln that "the SHADOWS others have told of still HANG OVER YOU." Lincoln replied that he received letters from spiritualists all over the country WARNING him of IMPENDING DOOM.

When Lincoln was 22 years old, he sought the ADVICE of a "Negro oracle" (a VOODOO woman) while in New Orleans with his friend John Hanks. Lincoln asked about "his history, his end, and his fate." Gazing into Lincoln's eyes she made the PROPHETIC STATEMENT, "You will be President, and all the negroes will be free." (Source: "The Life of Abraham Lincoln" by Issac N. Arnold, 31)

In 1864, Lincoln consulted a black PROPHETESS in Georgetown about his future. She retired to a dark room to raise up mystic spirits to speak with them. Afterward, she returned and told Lincoln, "General Grant will capture Richmond, you will be the next PRESIDENT - but beware of Chase." (Source: Sandburg, Carl. "Abraham Lincoln", 496)

Months before his death, Lincoln stated, "If I am killed, I can die but once; but to live in constant dread of it, is to die over and over again."

DAYS BEFORE his assassination, Lincoln had a PREMONITION of his DEATH in a dream in which he saw himself dead in a coffin in the White House.

Lincoln made a PROPHETIC STATEMENT when he wrote to his wife to be watchful with their son Tad because Lincoln had experienced an "unpleasant" dream. On the day of his assassination, April 14, 1865, he was so troubled by a dream that he actually discussed it at a Cabinet meeting. He told his colleagues that he had seen himself sailing "in an indescribable vessel and moving rapidly toward an indistinct shore."

Lincoln MADE A PROPHETIC STATEMENT just HOURS before his death. He said to his bodyguard William H. Crook, "Crook, do you know I believe there are men who want to TAKE MY LIFE? And I have no doubt they will do it ... I know no one could do it and escape alive. But if it is to be done, IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO PREVENT IT."

Lincoln was haunted by a GHOSTLY VISION OF HIMSELF that appeared to him on the evening of his Presidential election. While laying on a sofa, he glanced into a large opposing mirror that was across the room and saw a "ghostly double" image of himself. One of his faces was paler than the other and the image disappeared when he stood up. The vision greatly disturbed him; but with all the election excitement, he dismissed it and laid back down on the sofa. But when glanced at the mirror again, the ghostly double image appeared again with one face paler than the other. Startled, he stood up and the vision disappeared again. But when it returned once more, he became greatly distressed. A few days later he tried it again and the ghostly double image appeared again - for the last time. Lincoln told his wife about the haunting experience and she believed the vision was a sign that he would be elected to a second term but would not survive it.

When Mary Todd Lincoln was a YOUNG GIRL, she PREDICTED that she would GROW UP to be the wife of a PRESIDENT. It HAPPENED just as she PREDICTED it would.

Booth's mother described having a NIGHTMARE while dozing beside the cradle of her infant SON, JOHN Wilkes. She watched the infant's hand as it suddenly grew to gigantic size and became the grotesque paw of a monster. Later, when John Wilkes was a student at a Quaker School in Cockeysville, Maryland, John Wilkes and some of his friends paid a visit to an old gypsy palm reader who told him, "Oh, you have a bad hand. It is full of trouble and sorrow. You'll die young and you'll make a bad end. Young sir, I have never seen a worse hand. You'd best try to escape by turning missionary or priest." Asia Booth, John Wilkes' sister, recorded both of these prophecies.

There have been several reports from credible people who have seen the GHOSTS of FORMER PRESIDENTS haunting the White House. The most popular and the most seen ghost is that of ABRAHAM LINCOLN. LINCOLN'S GHOST, also known as The White House Ghost, is said to have haunted the White House since his assassination.

The chart below represents a NUMEROLOGY connection between Presidents Lincoln and Kennedy.

Kennedy had a CLOSE BRUSH with DEATH in World War II when the PT-109 boat he commanded, along with a crew of 11 men, was rammed by a Japanese destroyer. The explosion killed 2 of his men and Kennedy was thrown into the cockpit on his bad back. Despite a severely injured back, Kennedy led the surviving men on a weeklong survival struggle. Swimming over vast distances, they found very little food or water on the series of tiny deserted islands they swam to. Despite his injuries, Kennedy towed one of his men for 3 miles with the strap of the man's lifejacket in his teeth. After 15 hours of swimming, they eventually found an island with several natives. Kennedy carved an SOS message on a coconut and handed it to one of the natives to take to another island with a PT base. The next day, help arrived and they were finally rescued.

Did a "KENNEDY CURSE" exist? Author Edward Klein makes the case for it in his book called "The KENNEDY CURSE: Why Tragedy Has Haunted America's First Family for 150 Years." The true mystery of how the Kennedy family was subjected to such a mind-boggling chain of public calamities.

The FAMOUS ASTROLOGER, Jeane Dixon, PREDICTED the DEATH of the PRESIDENT in Parade magazine article in 1956. In a recurring vision, she would see a BLACK CLOUD HOVERING OVER THE WHITE HOUSE and Kennedy, the ominous sign having first appeared to her clairvoyant sight 11 years before the fateful event. In another incident, during a meeting at the Ambassador Hotel, Jeane Dixon was asked if Robert Kennedy would ever become president. She responded, "No, he will never become President of the United States because of a tragedy right here in this hotel." Twelve years later, Dixon's prophecy was fulfilled in 1968 when Robert Kennedy was ASSASSINATED at the Ambassador Hotel.

Kennedy was the LAST U.S. PRESIDENT to be assassinated under the infamous 20-YEAR PRESIDENTIAL DEATH CYCLE which ran for 120 years, beginning in 1840 and ending in 1960. It involved every U.S. President elected or reelected in 20-year intervals beginning in 1840 had died in office 1840: William Harrison (pneumonia); 1860: Abraham Lincoln (assassination); 1880: James Garfield (assassination); 1900: William McKinley (assassination); 1920: Warren Harding (heart attack); 1940: Franklin Roosevelt (brain hemorrhage); 1960: John Kennedy (assassination).

The 20-YEAR PRESIDENTIAL DEATH CYCLE ultimately broke with Ronald Reagan who was elected in 1980 and survived being shot in a March 1981 assassination attempt. It is no secret that the Reagan presidency was literally controlled by astrology and the astrological forces of the cosmos. The Reagans relied heavily on astrology in the making of important decisions in the White House. Reagan's entire schedule was coordinated by an astrologer named Joan Quigley who planned almost all presidential travel, press conferences, and even the president's cancer surgery based on astrology. Many astrologers credit the Reagans' adherence to astrology for "breaking" the 20-year cycle.

In October 1963, the famous British ASTROLOGER, John Pendragin, wrote an urgent letter to President Kennedy WARNING him of IMPENDING DOOM. The letter was also published in Fate magazine and was on the news stands that fateful day in Dallas. The letter stated, "I would not rule out the possibility of an attempted assassination or worse if he is caught off his guard. Mr. President, I am deeply concerned for your personal safety and would respectfully urge you to strengthen your bodyguard, especially when you are in the streets and other public places."

On May 27, 1968, Robert Kennedy gave a speech to the Voice of America in which he made a PROPHETIC STATEMENT that "things are moving so fast in race relations a Negro could be PRESIDENT in 40 YEARS." On November 4, 2008, the first black man was elected PRESIDENT - Barack Obama - 40 YEARS, 5 months, 9 days after Robert Kennedy's gave his prophecy.

Kennedy was once asked how, if given the choice, he would prefer to die. He replied, "You never know what's hit you. A gunshot is the perfect way."

DAYS BEFORE his assassination, Kennedy was given a PREMONITION of his DEATH from his secretary, Evelyn Lincoln, who said his trip to Dallas could have tragic consequences and urged him not to go.

On the day of his assassination Kennedy made several strange PROPHETIC STATEMENTS. Hours before Kennedy was killed, he said to his wife Jackie, "If somebody wants to shoot me from a window with a rifle, nobody can stop it, so why worry about it?"

Kennedy MADE ANOTHER PROPHETIC STATEMENT just HOURS before his death. Kennedy said to Jackie and his personal advisor Ken O'Donnell, "You know, last night would have been a hell of a night to ASSASSINATE a President."

In another PROPHETIC STATEMENT just HOURS before his death, Kennedy saw a STARTLING PICTURE of HIMSELF in a full page ad in the Dallas newspaper published by Ted Dealey (as in Dealey Plaza). Kennedy's picture was ominously bordered in black like an announcement of mourning. It was paid for by major hate-Kennedy organization based in Dallas. It included a "Wanted for Treason" page complete with a "criminal profile" of Kennedy. Upon seeing the ad, Kennedy's face turned grim and he turned to his wife and said that they were "heading into nut country today." Later, still fuming from what he saw, Kennedy said to one of his aides, "You know who's responsible for that ad? Dealey." Then he said something derogatory about Dealey. Hours later, he was assassinated in Dealey Plaza.

When Lyndon Johnson was a YOUNG BOY, his grandfather PREDICTED that Lyndon would GROW UP to be a SENATOR. It HAPPENED just as he PREDICTED it would.

Jackie Kennedy would have a recurring NIGHTMARE of her SON, JOHN Jr., dying in a plane crash. On July 16, 1999, her nightmare came true when John Jr. was killed in a plane crash at sea.

PRESIDENT KENNEDY frequently said he believed in life after death. Kennedy claimed to have regularly sought LINCOLN's advice on matters of utmost importance.

These are the ASTROLOGICAL charts of Lincoln and Kennedy.

An analysis of these charts are forthcoming.

ohn Wilkes Booth's brother saved Abraham Lincoln's son

Edwin Booth, John Wilkes' Booth brother, saved the life of Robert Lincoln, the son of President Lincoln, on a train platform in Jersey City at the beginning of the Civil War. Because of this, Edwin Booth was invited to give a command performance in the White House and was forever after a Lincoln sympathizer, even though he had been raised in the South.

Ford's Theater collapsed on the day of John Wilkes Booth's brother's funeral killing 22 people

There is another unusual connection involving Edwin Booth occurred around the time of his death on June 7, 1893. Two days later, at the very moment Edwin's casket was being carried from the Little Church Around the Corner in New York City, all three floors of Ford's Theater collapsed killing 22 people and injuring 68 others.

Robert Lincoln, the son of Abraham Lincoln, was invited to the assassinations of four U.S. Presidents and one New York City Mayor

President #1: ABRAHAM LINCOLN

Robert Lincoln was invited to accompany his parents, President Lincoln and Mary Todd Lincoln, to the Ford's Theatre on the night his father was shot by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865. Citing fatigue from riding in a covered wagon for an extended period of time, Robert declined and remained behind at the White House where he immediately went to bed. He was informed of the President's assassination just before midnight.

President #2: JAMES GARFIELD

At President Garfield's invitation, Robert Lincoln was at the Sixth Street Train Station in Washington, D.C. where President Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau on July 2, 1881. Robert Lincoln was an eyewitness to the event and was serving as Garfield's Secretary of War at the time.

President #3: WILLIAM MCKINLEY

At President McKinley's invitation, Robert Lincoln was at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York, where the President was shot by Leon F. Czolgosz on September 6, 1901, though he was not an eyewitness to the event. After McKinley's death, Lincoln let it be known that he wanted no further invitations from any U.S. President. Interestingly enough, Robert Lincoln would not have been able to attend these events had not John Wilkes Booth's brother, Edwin Booth , saved his life years earlier.

Mayor #1: WILLIAM JAY GAYNOR

Robert Lincoln witnessed the assassination attempt on New York Mayor William Jay Gaynor on August 9, 1910. After Gaynor was shot, Robert Lincoln rushed to his aide.

President #4: JOHN F. KENNEDY

Robert Lincoln chose as his gravesite a nice quiet spot in Arlington Cemetery. In 1926, Robert Lincoln died and was buried in that quiet spot. Then in November 1963, to his quiet spot, a military honor guard carried yet another assassinated President, John F. Kennedy, to be laid to rest just feet away.

The New York City terrorist attack involved John and Robert Kennedy, Abraham Lincoln, the Booth brothers, and the Warren Commission

Confederate agents planned a desperate act of terrorism in New York City for Election Day, 1864 to disrupt elections by firebombing a large number of the city's hotels. The Lincoln administration knew about the plot through a Union double agent. The New York City Superintendent of Police, JOHN A. KENNEDY, believed the plot to be a hoax; but on November 25, 1864, the firebombing began. At the exact same time, three famous acting brothers, Edwin Booth, Junius Booth, and John Wilkes Booth were performing together for one day only in New York City at the Winter Garden Theatre in a Shakespeare's play about the assassination of Julius Caesar. The terrorist act failed and only one of the Confederate agents was apprehended, namely ROBERT C. KENNEDY, who had escaped six weeks earlier from JOHNSON's Island Prison. Robert C. Kennedy's trial was presided over by the WARREN Commission of General Fitz-Henry Warren which lasted 23 days. Robert C. Kennedy was hanged on March 25, 1865 and was the last Confederate soldier executed by the Union. (For more information, visit the Mr. Lincoln and New York website).

John Kennedy thwarted an assassination plot against Abraham Lincoln

New York Police Superintendent JOHN A. KENNEDY played a role in President Abraham Lincoln's protection during his 1861 inaugural train trip and in the investigation immediately following Lincoln's assassination. Kennedy was so influential in his role in protecting the President that Edwin Stanton, Lincoln's Secretary of State, telegraphed Kennedy roughly three hours after Lincoln was assassinated. In 1951, John A. Kennedy was the subject of a movie called "The Tall Target" based on his role in protecting President Lincoln. Actor Dick Powell starred in the role of Kennedy who foils an assassination plot against Lincoln.

WORDS OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN QUOTED BY JOHN KENNEDY

Kennedy's opening statement during his debate with Richard Nixon was a quotation by President Lincoln:

"In the election of 1860, Abraham Lincoln said the question was whether this Nation could exist half slave or half free. In the election of 1960, and with the world around us, the question is whether the world will exist half slave or half free, whether it will move in the direction of freedom, in the direction of the road that we are taking, or whether it will move in the direction of slavery."

During another 1960 campaign debate with Richard Nixon, Kennedy responded to a question about his relative inexperience by saying:

"The question is of experience and the question also is what our judgment is of the future and what our goals are for the United States and what ability we have to implement those goals. Abraham Lincoln came to the Presidency in 1860 after a rather little known session in the House of Representatives and after being defeated for the Senate in '58, and was a distinguished President. There is no certain road to the Presidency. There are no guarantees that if you take one road or another that you will be a successful President."

Kennedy spoke of an incident when Harry Truman, one of his very first visitors in the White House, asked him if he was ready for the responsibilities of the Presidency. Kennedy invoked the words of Lincoln:

"Mr. Truman asked me if I think I am ready. I am reminded that one hundred years ago Abraham Lincoln, not yet President and under fire from veteran politicians, wrote the words, "I see the storm coming, and his Hand is in it. If He has a place and work for me, I believe I am ready.” Today I say to you, with full knowledge of the responsibilities of that high office, if the people of the nation select me to be their President, I believe that I am ready." AN INTERESTING NOTE: President Truman's mother, a Confederate sympathizer, refused to sleep in Lincoln's bed during a White House visit.

In a 1960 speech during a Lincoln Monument Rally, Kennedy stated:

"I think it is most appropriate in the election of 1960 that we should meet in the shadow of a distinguished Republican, Abraham Lincoln, because we believe that his spirit motivates our party in the great election 100 years after he assumed the responsibility of office."

In a speech during the Convocation of the United Negro College Fund in 1959, Kennedy stated:

"As Lincoln said, the Declaration of Independence "gave liberty not alone to the people of this country, but hope to all the world." It "gave promise that in due time the weights would be lifted from the shoulders of all men, and that all should have an equal chance." Never before have we had so excellent an opportunity to fulfill that promise of an equal chance."

In a 1963 radio and television report on Civil Rights, Kennedy stated:

"One hundred years of delay have passed since President Lincoln freed the slaves, yet their heirs, their grandsons, are not fully free. They are not yet freed from the bonds of injustice. They are not yet freed from social and economic oppression. And this Nation, for all its hopes and all its boasts, will not be fully free until all its citizens are free."

Kennedy said the following in a campaign speech in 1960:

"I am thinking of Abraham Lincoln summoning his war-time Cabinet to a meeting on the Emancipation Proclamation ... If my name goes down in history, it will be for this act. My whole soul is in it. If my hand trembles when I sign this proclamation, all who examine the document hereafter will say "He hesitated." But Lincoln's hand did not tremble. He did not hesitate. He did not equivocate. For he was the President of the United States. It is in this spirit that we must go forth in the coming months and years."

In a campaign speech in 1960 before the National Press Club, Kennedy said the following:

"I prefer the example of Abe Lincoln, who loved politics with the passion of a born practitioner. For example, he waited up all night in 1863 to get the crucial returns on the Ohio governorship. When the Unionist candidate was elected, Lincoln wired: "Glory God in the highest. Ohio has saved the Nation."

In a 1960 campaign speech in Eugene, Oregon, Kennedy stated:

"American labor can advance into the sixties unafraid, and with full confidence in its strength and in the righteousness of its cause. For as Abraham Lincoln said of labor: "All that serves labor serves the nation. All that harms labor is treason to America. No line can be drawn between these two. If a man tells you he loves America, yet hates labor, he is a liar. If a man tells you he trusts America, yet fears labor, he is a fool. There is no America without labor, and to fleece the one is to rob the other."

In his book "Profiles in Courage", Kennedy quoted Lincoln:

"And nine years in Congress have taught me the wisdom of Lincoln’s words: "There are few things wholly evil or wholly good. Almost everything, especially of Government policy, is an inseparable compound of the two, so that our best judgment of the preponderance between them is continually demanded."

In Arthur Schlesinger's book about John Kennedy entitled "A Thousand Days", Kennedy is said to have been fond of using this quote from Lincoln:

"Public opinion is everything. With it nothing can fail, without it nothing can succeed."

In a televised speech, Kennedy borrowed a sentence from Lincoln's first inaugural when he said:

"In your hands, my fellow citizens, more than in mine, will rest the final success or failure of our course."

On October 28, 1962, after receiving word from Khrushchev that he agreed on a plan to end the Cuban Missile Crisis, Kennedy remarked:

"This is the night to go to the theatre, like Abraham Lincoln."

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE FACES OF LINCOLN AND KENNEDY

Morph comparison #2

Morph comparison #3

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE FACES OF THEIR VICE PRESIDENTS

Face comparison #3

LINKS TO SPECIAL WEBSITES ABOUT LINCOLN AND KENNEDY

Abraham Lincoln Assassination Site - http://home.att.net/~rjnorton/Lincoln.html

Abraham Lincoln Research Site - http://home.att.net/~rjnorton/Lincoln2.html

Abraham Lincoln Mega-Links Page - http://home.att.net/~rjnorton/Lincoln80.html

Mary Todd Lincoln Research Site - http://home.att.net/~rjnorton/Lincoln15.html

The Lincoln Institute - http://www.abrahamlincoln.org/ (sitemap)

John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum - http://www.jfklibrary.org/

The best JFK assassination websites on the internet - http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/

CONCLUSION

The lives of President Kennedy and President Lincoln had so many bizarre coincidences between that, in my opinion, they are immensely strong circumstantial evidence suggesting the reality of synchronicity, astrology, karma, and reincarnation. The totality of this evidence cannot be brushed off as being just an urban legend in my opinion. These synchronicities suggest that President Kennedy was in fact the reincarnation of President Lincoln. It should be clear to you now that these facts all add up to more than mere coincidence. In the case of Presidents Lincoln and Kennedy, history did indeed repeat itself.